Individual slow wave morphology is a marker of ageing

Abstract

Slow wave activity is a hallmark of deep NREM sleep. Scalp slow wave morphology is stereotypical, it is highly correlated with the synchronized onset and cessation of cortical neuronal firing measured from the surface or depth of the cortex, strongly affected by ageing, and these changes are causally associated with age-related cognitive decline. We investigated how normal ageing affects the individual morphology of the slow wave, and whether these changes are captured by the summary slow wave parameters generally used in the literature. We recorded full-night polysomnography in 159 subjects (age 17-69 years) and automatically detected slow waves using six different detection methods to ensure methodological robustness. We established individual slow morphologies at 501 data points for each subject and also calculated the individual average slow wave amplitude, average ascending and descending slope steepness and the total number of slow waves (gross parameters). Using LASSO penalized regression we found that fine-grained slow wave morphology is associated with age beyond gross parameters, with young subjects having faster slow wave polarity reversals, suggesting a more efficient initiation and termination of slow wave down- and upstates. Our results demonstrate the superiority of the high-resolution slow wave morphology as a biomarker of ageing, and highlights state transitions as promising targets of restorative stimulation-based interventions.