Intracellular photonic crystals in photosynthetic sea slugs form via a kidney-mediated biomineralisation pathway

Humphrey, S.; He, X.; Raguin, E.; Haataja, J. S.; Priemel, T.; Schmitt, C. N. Z.; Brodie, J.; Greer, H. F.; Wangpraseurt, D.; Nelmes, L.; Fratzl, P.; Jesus, B.; Ogawa, Y.; Vignolini, S.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.07.723475

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.07.723475

Intracellular photonic crystals in photosynthetic sea slugs form via a kidney-mediated biomineralisation pathway

Humphrey, S.·He, X.·Raguin, E.·Haataja, J. S.·Priemel, T.·Schmitt, C. N. Z.·Brodie, J.·Greer, H. F.·Wangpraseurt, D.·Nelmes, L.·Fratzl, P.·Jesus, B.·Ogawa, Y.·Vignolini, S.

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Abstract

Sea slugs in the Sacoglossa superorder are some of the few animals capable of photosynthesising by isolating and maintaining functional chloroplasts within their body1,2. While this ability allows some species in this superorder, such as Elysia viridis, to appear green, camouflaging themselves within their surroundings3,4, this species is marked by extremely bright, coloured regions. Here, we show that these animals produce a yet undiscovered class of photonic structure consisting of intracellular mixed amorphous CaCO3 and calcite spherical nanoparticles organised in non-closed-packed face-centred cubic (FCC) lattices and photonic glasses5. By mapping the distribution of the cells containing such architectures, we suggest that their colour is linked both to their function and to their biological formation via the animals renal system. Using a combination of different optical methods and cryo-electron microscopy, we reveal that the biomineralisation pathway proceeds through stages of calcium ion concentration in the kidney, transport via internal vessels, and precipitation from a dense liquid-like precursor, culminating in the formation of monodisperse nanoparticles, which are the building blocks of these photonic structures.

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Humphrey, S., He, X., Raguin, E., Haataja, J. S., Priemel, T., Schmitt, C. N. Z., Brodie, J., Greer, H. F., Wangpraseurt, D., Nelmes, L., Fratzl, P., Jesus, B., Ogawa, Y., Vignolini, S.. 2026-05-08. Intracellular photonic crystals in photosynthetic sea slugs form via a kidney-mediated biomineralisation pathway. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.07.723475

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