Controlled human infection with Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquito bites elicits antibodies against mosquito salivary protein SG1L3

Andrade, C. M.; van Daalen, R. C.; Fabra-Garcia, A.; Grievink, S.; van Gemert, G.-J.; Teelen, K.; Hester, S.; Stoter, R.; van de Vegte-Bolmer, M.; Drakeley, C.; Tiono, A. B.; Sauerwein, R. W.; Bousema, T.; Jore, M. M.

doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.713001

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.03.19.713001

Controlled human infection with Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquito bites elicits antibodies against mosquito salivary protein SG1L3

Andrade, C. M.·van Daalen, R. C.·Fabra-Garcia, A.·Grievink, S.·van Gemert, G.-J.·Teelen, K.·Hester, S.·Stoter, R.·van de Vegte-Bolmer, M.·Drakeley, C.·Tiono, A. B.·Sauerwein, R. W.·Bousema, T.·Jore, M. M.

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Abstract

Human malaria infections begin with the injection of Plasmodium sporozoites via mosquito saliva. Whole sporozoite immunizations have been used as a model to study immune responses to malaria parasites, having culminated in circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-targeting vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, antibody responses targeting non-CSP antigens on the sporozoite surface remain poorly characterized. Here, we isolated single B cells from a human volunteer immunized by Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquito bites, who had acquired non-CSP-specific antibodies that recognize sporozoites. We identified two mAbs that recognize the surface of P. falciparum sporozoites, but do not bind to CSP. Using immunoprecipitation followed by mass-spectrometry, we found that the target of these mAbs is not a P. falciparum protein but the mosquito salivary protein SG1L3. We observed that recombinant SG1L3 binds to P. falciparum sporozoites. However, the SG1L3-specific mAbs and SG1L3-specific polyclonal antibodies from this volunteer, as well as polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant SG1L3 in rabbits, fail to block liver stage infection in vitro, making this an unlikely target for functional antibodies. We observed that inhabitants from an area with intense Anopheles exposure in Burkina Faso can have antibodies against SG1L3, and that antibody titers increase with age. In conclusion, we identified the first human mAbs against a mosquito saliva protein that binds to the surface of sporozoites. Future work should assess whether naturally acquired antibodies against this protein may be used as a serological marker of mosquito exposure.

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Andrade, C. M., van Daalen, R. C., Fabra-Garcia, A., Grievink, S., van Gemert, G.-J., Teelen, K., Hester, S., Stoter, R., van de Vegte-Bolmer, M., Drakeley, C., Tiono, A. B., Sauerwein, R. W., Bousema, T., Jore, M. M.. 2026-03-20. Controlled human infection with Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquito bites elicits antibodies against mosquito salivary protein SG1L3. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.19.713001

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