Identification of bacterial candidates that promote the growth of the seagrass Zostera marina

Abstract

BackgroundGlobally, seagrass ecosystems are threatened by anthropogenic activities that are leading to increased levels of eutrophication, coastal pollution and thermal conditions. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop new approaches that work to mitigate these stressors and enhance restoration efforts in seagrass meadows. One promising strategy is to identify, isolate and characterize microbial consortia that are likely to support seagrass productivity. However, our current understanding of key microbial functions that support plant growth in marine systems is limited. Based on evidence from terrestrial plant-microbe systems, seagrass-associated bacteria are expected to provide the plant with nitrogen and phosphorus resources while detoxifying sulfur and producing phytohormones. Here, we sequenced 61 bacterial cultures isolated from the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endosphere of the seagrass, Zostera marina to identify a consortium of six putative plant growth promoting (PGP) candidates. ResultsOur cultivation approach using plant-based media allowed us to isolate 201 bacteria from Z. marina, which reflected 18% of the total microbial diversity of the starting inoculum. Genomic and phenotypic analyses of the 61-sequenced pure-cultures revealed that most of the sequenced taxa were able to mobilize nitrogen primarily through catabolic pathways, including denitrification (51%), dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (71%), and C-N bond cleavage (83%). Six of the isolates, which represent new lineages of Agarivorans, coded for the nitrogenase gene cassette. Additionally, 52% of the genomes had genes for sulfur and/or thiosulfate oxidation, 88.5% for phosphorus solubilization, and 60.5% for IAA production. Genomic analysis also revealed that some pathways, including denitrification and dissimilatory nitrite to ammonia DNRA, required cross-species cooperation as no one taxa contained all the genes needed to complete these metabolic pathways. Based on draft genome models and results from phenotypic assays, isolates Streptomyces sp. (Iso23 and Iso384), Mesobacillus sp (Iso127), Roseibuim sp. (Iso195), Peribacillus sp. (Iso49), and Agarivorans sp. (Iso311) represent a minimal microbial community that is likely to promote seagrass growth and enhance restoration efforts. ConclusionOur work provides a detailed genomic and phenotypic analysis of bacteria isolated from Z. marina and identifies a minimal microbial community with complementary PGP traits. Isolating, identifying and characterizing bacteria that promote seagrass growth is critical towards enhancing restoration efforts of seagrass meadows.