Distinct SMA beta bursts support the development of anticipatory postural control in children

Abstract

To produce smooth and coordinated movements, the brain generates anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) - feedforward motor commands that counteract predicted postural disturbances before they occur. Although APA emerge early in life, their maturation extends into early adulthood, yet little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. Using magnetoencephalography during a naturalistic bimanual load-lifting task, we investigated anticipatory postural control in children aged 7-12 years. In this task, lifting a load from the contralateral postural forearm induces upward elbow rotation, which is anticipatorily counteracted by inhibition of Biceps brachii postural activity, stabilizing forearm posture. Surprisingly, despite greater variability in inhibition timing and less efficient forearm stabilization in children, the mechanism of anticipatory inhibition was consistent with that recently described in adults: it was mediated by transient oscillatory beta bursts (19-24 Hz), associated with reduced supplementary motor area (SMA) excitability indexed by high-gamma (90-130 Hz) power suppression, and preceded by directed influences from lateral prefrontal and ventral premotor cortex. However, burst frequency was lower in children, and an additional APA mechanism was recruited: while 19-24 Hz bursts were linked to immediate SMA suppression and stronger muscle inhibition, higher-frequency bursts (24-29 Hz) were associated with delayed ([~]100 ms) SMA suppression mediated by alpha activity (8 Hz), which attenuated post-inhibition forearm instability. These results reveal that children in middle childhood already engage adult-like neural mechanisms for anticipatory inhibition, while additionally recruiting a compensatory mechanism to counteract postural imprecision, providing new insights into the neural basis of APA maturation and its alteration in neurodevelopmental conditions.