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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2025.12.01.691701

Cognitive cartography of mammalian brains using meta-analysis of AI experts

Luppi, A. I.·Ali, H.·Liu, Z.-Q. I.·Milisav, F.·Gozzi, A.·Bzdok, D.·Misic, B.
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Abstract

The complexity of the brain is increasingly mirrored by the complexity of the neuroscientific literature, yet no individual mind can fully grasp the diversity of scales, methodologies and model organisms. Where human experts flag, the latest AI models excel: large language models can seamlessly integrate knowledge across scientific domains. Here we show how large language models can systematically and quantitatively synthesise literature-wide neuroscientific knowledge about the cognitive operations and dysfunctions associated with each brain region. Meta-analysis of AI experts reveals structure-function mappings to which existing meta-analytic frameworks are blind, demonstrated by lesions and direct intracranial stimulation. It also unlocks the possibility of extending quantitative literature meta-analysis and decoding of brain maps to other model organisms beyond human. As proof of concept, we integrate LLM meta-analysis with species-specific transcriptomics in human, macaque, and mouse, to discover an evolutionarily conserved molecular circuit for cognition. Altogether, meta-analysis of AI experts can fundamentally catalyze neuroscientific discovery by overcoming the barrier of data aggregation from heterogeneous studies, finally bringing together a scattered literature to identify emergent patterns and latent insights across disparate subfields, modalities, and species.

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Luppi, A. I., Ali, H., Liu, Z.-Q. I., Milisav, F., Gozzi, A., Bzdok, D., Misic, B.. 2025-12-03. Cognitive cartography of mammalian brains using meta-analysis of AI experts. https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.01.691701

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