Adaptation to local climate in size, growth and phenology across 19 silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations from Switzerland

Abstract

Attempts to identify and understand selection pressures responsible for local adaptation are central to evolutionary research. We tested whether populations of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), sampled across a heterogeneous environment, have more strongly diverged at quantitative traits than expected from genetic drift. We genotyped 387 trees from 19 Swiss populations at 374 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate their demographic distances, and used these to generate a null expectation for divergence in a multi-trait space including morphology and life-history traits obtained from a published common garden trial. Local soil and historical climate data were used to identify the selective environment of the source populations. Our results revealed a strong selection on height driven by temperature: trees from warm sites evolved to become taller than those from cooler sites. The evolution of growth rate, growth duration and bud break were correlated, and populations evolved towards two extreme strategies, \"start early and grow slow\" or \"start late and grow fast\", driven by precipitation seasonality. We conclude that local climate has shaped the morphology and life-history of silver fir populations since they recolonized the Alps. Our methodology provides a show-case for empirical evaluation of adaptive evolutionary strategies combining genetic data and common gardens.