Mapping of the Fondaparinux Binding Site of JR-FL gp120 by High Resolution Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting and Computational Docking

Abstract

The adhesion of HIV gp120 antigen to human cells is modulated in part by interactions with heparan sulfate. The HXB2 strain of gp120 has been shown to interact with heparin primarily through the V3 loop, although other domains including the C-terminal domain were also implicated. However, the JR-FL strain (representative of CCR5-interacting strains that make up newest infections) was shown to have a drastically lowered affinity to heparin due to the loss of several basic residues in the V3 loop, and deletion of the V3 loop in JR-FL gp120 was shown to abrogate some, but not all, heparin binding. Here, we use high resolution hydroxyl radical protein footprinting to measure the changes in protein surface oxidation levels that result from the binding of a model heparin fragment (fondaparinux). Protection in both the V3 loop and the N-terminus of JR-FP gp120 is observed. The well-defined composition of fondaparinux allowed us to perform docking simulations, which showed two clusters of fondaparinux binding: the V3 loop, and a domain consisting of the N- and C-termini. Together, the experimental and theoretical results indicate the heparin/heparan sulfate binding sites on JR-FL gp120 and the efficient interaction of fondaparinux, a widely exploited therapeutic carbohydrate, on gp120.