bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.09.11.675661

Ionic modulation of interpenetrating network formation, structure and recovery in low-polymeric, supramolecular hyaluronic acid based-hydrogel

Akin-Ige, F.·Rivera, C.·de Gennaro, V.·Rivera, Y. F.·Amin, S.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The formation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) in polysaccharide-based hydrogels is influenced by ion valency and coordination chemistry. In this work, hyaluronic acid (HA) and kappa-carrageenan ({kappa}-CG) were combined at low polymer concentrations suitable for injectable hydrogel applications and enriched with monovalent (K+), divalent (Ca2+), and trivalent (Al3+) ions to investigate ion-specific contributions to network formation, structure and recovery. FTIR spectroscopy showed that K+ did not produce detectable sulfate or carboxylate shifts, consistent with a predominantly physical mixture and the absence of IPN formation. Ca2+ induced concentration-dependent shifts in both the amide/carboxylate region and the sulfate band (1232 [->] 1236 cm-1), absent at a low concentration but reemerging at higher concentrations, consistent with local chain compaction, complexation of HA carboxylates and bridging between{kappa} -CG helices, indicating promotion of a semi-interpenetrated network structure above a thresh-old concentration. Al3+ induced a distinct shoulder in the HA carboxylate region, confirming HA coordination and co-crosslinking with{kappa} -CG, yielding a semi-IPN. Microrheology showed progressively stronger local confinement with increasing ion valency corroborating insights from spectroscopy, while recovery tests showed Ca2+ attained the highest recovery potential possibly due to more robust network formation, Al3+ systems displayed moderate recovery but overscreening at high concentrations resulted in network collapse, and K+ systems displayed poor recovery.Importantly, these ion-specific outcomes must be interpreted in the context of combined electrostatic screening effects, which contribute to charge neutralization and polymer chain association independent of coordination chemistry. Collectively, these findings highlight ion charge as critical design levers which may be leveraged in tailoring mechanical properties of interpenetrating network hydrogels for injectable applications. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=124 SRC="FIGDIR/small/675661v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (20K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1924ee2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7916cforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c89221org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f1c2c7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIIncorporation of{kappa} -carrageenan ({kappa}CG) into a chemically unmodified hyaluronic-acid (HA) based hydrogel even at low concentrations is a potentially viable route for more efficient structuring. C_LIO_LIInterpenetrating network formation, structure and recovery of HA-{kappa} CG networks can be tuned by charge density and coordination behavior of the crosslinking ion. C_LIO_LICa2+ reinforces{kappa} CG junction zones, yielding the highest elastic moduli and recovery capacity, with evidence of semi-IPN formation pointing to more robust network formation relative to Al3+ and K+. C_LI

Explore related subjects

biochemistryPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Akin-Ige, F., Rivera, C., de Gennaro, V., Rivera, Y. F., Amin, S.. 2025-09-16. Ionic modulation of interpenetrating network formation, structure and recovery in low-polymeric, supramolecular hyaluronic acid based-hydrogel. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.11.675661

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Hierarchical cysteine oxidation controls reversible amyloid formation in an ankyrin repeat protein

The formation of amyloids, including functional amyloids, is observed for an increasing number of proteins but the molecular mechanisms that control this structural transition remain poorly understood. Here we report that the kinase inhibitor protein P18 (drP18) from Danio rerio (zebrafish), which contains two cysteine residues, undergoes a complex and hierarchical redox switch that strictly governs reversible amyloid formation. We identify cysteine 50 (C50) acting as a regulatory residue. Upon oxidation, C50 forms an intramolecular disulfide bond with the executioner cysteine 128 (C128), thereby blocking it. C50 can become S-glutathionylated, and upon oxidation, C128 then forms intermolecular disulfides that lead to rapid transition into amyloid fibrils. S-glutathionylation of C50 therefore enables amyloid formation of drP18 and the outcome is oxidant-dependent with diamide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonocarbonate and hypothiocyanous acid each leading to amyloid assembly with distinct kinetics and morphologies. These amyloids are fully reversible, where disulfide reduction is leading to disassembly. Whereas monomeric drP18 inhibits CDK4-mediated retinoblastoma phosphorylation, the amyloid conformation abolishes this inhibition, and reduction restores both structure and function. Expression of drP18 in zebrafish embryos yields Congo red-positive, oxidation-dependent aggregates in vivo. Together, our findings show that a regulatory cysteine controls an executioner cysteine to induce reversible, functional amyloid formation, revealing that proteins can encode sophisticated mechanisms to control amyloid assembly.

biochemistry↗
bioRxiv2026

Snapshots from the Catalytic Landscape of Chalcone Isomerase

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the cyclization of 3-ring scaffolds of flavonoids, a class of plant-based natural products important for nutrition and disease prevention. A persistent question has been whether the enzyme uses dynamics to facilitate conformational rearrangements of substrates within the active site. To help resolve this question, CHI was crystallized with phloretin, a flexible substrate analogue that cannot undergo cyclization. The crystal structure possesses eight protein molecules per asymmetric unit, revealing different active site conformations that accommodate different bound conformers of phloretin. Together, the structural snapshots depict a series of coordinated, dynamic chemical interactions that lower barriers to substrate rearrangements approaching bond formation. Differential scanning fluorimetry combined with mutational analysis and enzyme kinetics further confirm that phloretin binds to the enzyme active site and that it acts as a competitive inhibitor of CHI. Together these findings answer outstanding questions about the flexibility and dynamics of CHI catalysis, information that may be useful for future biosynthetic design and enzyme engineering goals. Overall, this work supports a catalytic model in which the CHI enzyme operates as a dynamic ensemble of structures necessary to facilitate catalytic substrate rearrangements.

biochemistry↗
bioRxiv2026

Structures of pUG-fold RNA bound to DNMT1 reveal a mechanism for RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation

Many chromatin-associated proteins have been found to bind RNA as a means of epigenetic regulation. Specifically, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which maintains cytosine methylation at CpG dinucleotides, is inhibited by RNA at transcribed DNA loci in cells. However, the mechanisms by which RNA binds DNMT1 and inhibits its activity remain unknown. Here, we determine a series of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human DNMT1 bound to pUG-fold RNA, a non-canonical G-quadruplex previously observed to inhibit activity, revealing two distinct RNA-binding modes. The pUG-fold RNA binds the surface of DNMT1 in its autoinhibited conformation across a positively charged surface between the methyltransferase domain and the CXXC domain, and it binds directly in the active site of an open DNMT1 conformation. RNA binding is sterically incompatible with substrate DNA engagement in both states. Our 2.5 [A] structure captures the intricate network of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between amino acids in the methyltransferase domain and the tetrad layers of pUG-fold RNA. Metadynamics molecular dynamics simulations provide an orthogonal view of the conformational landscape of DNMT1, revealing the two distinct RNA-binding modes. Furthermore, our analysis of published DNMT1 RIP-seq and eCLIP-seq data confirms that DNMT1-interacting RNAs in cells exhibit a strong propensity to form non-canonical G-quadruplex RNA structures. Collectively, our study provides the first structural basis for pUG-fold RNA recognition by a protein and illustrates how cryo-EM and AI-based methods for protein and RNA structure prediction synergize to inform the mechanism of RNA-mediated regulation of DNMT1.

biochemistry↗