The dispersal of domestic cats from Northern Africa and their introduction to Europe over the last two millennia

De Martino, M.; De Cupere, B.; Rovelli, V.; Serventi, P.; Baldoni, M.; Di Corcia, T.; Geiger, S.; Alhaique, F.; Alves, P.; Buitenhuis, H.; Ceccaroni, E.; Cerilli, E.; De Grossi-Mazzorin, J.; Detry, C.; Dowd, M.; Fiore, I.; Gourichon, L.; Grau-Sologestoa, I.; Kuchelmann, H. C.; Kunst, K. G.; McCarthy, M.; Micciche, R.; Minniti, C.; Moreno, M.; Onar, V.; Oueslati, T.; Parrag, M.; Pino Uria, B.; Romagnoli, G.; Rugge, M.; Salari, L.; Saliari, K.; Santos, A.; Schmolcke, U.; Sforzi, A.; Soranna, G.; Spassov, N.; Tagliacozzo, A.; Tine, V.; Trixl, S.; Vukovic, S.; Wierer, U.; Wilkens, B.; Doherty, S.

doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645893

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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.03.28.645893

The dispersal of domestic cats from Northern Africa and their introduction to Europe over the last two millennia

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Abstract

The domestic cat (Felis catus) descends from the African wildcat subspecies Felis lybica lybica. Its global distribution alongside humans testifies to its successful adaptation to anthropogenic environments. Uncertainty remains regarding whether domestic cats originated in the Levant, Egypt or elsewhere in its natural range, and on the timing and circumstances of their dispersal into Europe. By analysing 87 ancient and modern cat genomes, we demonstrate that domestic cats did not spread to Europe with Neolithic farmers, as previously thought. Conversely, our results suggest that they were introduced to Europe over the last 2,000 years, most likely from North Africa. We also demonstrate that a separate earlier (1st millennium BCE) introduction of wildcats from Northwest Africa originated the present-day wild population in Sardinia.

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De Martino, M., De Cupere, B., Rovelli, V., Serventi, P., Baldoni, M., Di Corcia, T., Geiger, S., Alhaique, F., Alves, P., Buitenhuis, H., Ceccaroni, E., Cerilli, E., De Grossi-Mazzorin, J., Detry, C., Dowd, M., Fiore, I., Gourichon, L., Grau-Sologestoa, I., Kuchelmann, H. C., Kunst, K. G., McCarthy, M., Micciche, R., Minniti, C., Moreno, M., Onar, V., Oueslati, T., Parrag, M., Pino Uria, B., Romagnoli, G., Rugge, M., Salari, L., Saliari, K., Santos, A., Schmolcke, U., Sforzi, A., Soranna, G., Spassov, N., Tagliacozzo, A., Tine, V., Trixl, S., Vukovic, S., Wierer, U., Wilkens, B., Doherty, S.. 2025-03-29. The dispersal of domestic cats from Northern Africa and their introduction to Europe over the last two millennia. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.28.645893

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