Low-latency neuromorphic closed-loop control of hippocampal ripples in vivo
Real-time closed-loop neuromodulation, in which stimulation is precisely timed to ongoing brain dynamics, holds transformative potential for treating neurological disorders and probing neural circuit function. However, it requires low-latency, energy-efficient processing of high-bandwidth neural signals that conventional computing architectures struggle to deliver. Neuromorphic computing, which emulates the event-driven and massively parallel operation of biological neural circuits, offers a compelling alternative. Yet, its integration into closed-loop frameworks validated in vivo for fast, transient oscillations has not been demonstrated. Here, we present a fully integrated neuromorphic framework for real-time detection and manipulation of hippocampal ripples: brief (30-100 ms), high-frequency (100-250 Hz) oscillations that are critical for memory consolidation and implicated in neurological disorders. We train compact spiking neural networks comprising 41 neurons and 530 parameters using surrogate-gradient backpropagation, achieving detection performance competitive with deep learning models across 23 recording sessions while consuming up to 200-fold less energy when deployed on SpiNNaker neuromorphic hardware. Integration with the open-source Open Ephys platform yields total closed-loop latencies of approximately 50 ms, enabling intra-event stimulation in up to 80% of ripples. Validating the complete sensing-processing-stimulation pipeline in awake, head-fixed mice, we demonstrate that neuromorphic-triggered optogenetic inhibition significantly alters ripple dynamics and reduces oscillatory energy. This work establishes a practical and accessible neuromorphic framework for low-latency closed-loop control of fast brain dynamics in vivo.