bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2024.07.09.602673

Triton-X 100-treated virus-based ELLA demonstrates discordant antigenic evolution of influenza B virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Koutsakos, M.·Do, T. T. H.·Wille, M.·Wheatley, A. K.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Neuraminidase (NA)-specific antibodies have been associated with protection against influenza and thus NA is considered a promising target for next-generation vaccines against influenza A (IAV) and B viruses (IBV). NA inhibition (NI) by antibodies is typically assessed using an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). However, ELLA can be confounded by anti- hemagglutinin (anti-HA) antibodies that block NA by steric hindrance (termed HA interference). While strategies have been employed to overcome HA interference for IAV, similar approaches have not been assessed for IBV. We found HA interference is common in ELLA using IBV, rendering the technique unreliable. Anti-HA antibodies were not completely depleted from sera by HA-expressing cell lines and this approach was of limited utility. In contrast, we find that treatment of virions with Triton-X 100, but not Tween-20 or ether, efficiently separates the HA and NA components and overcomes interference caused by anti-HA antibodies. We also characterise a panel of recombinant IBV NA proteins that further validated the results from Triton-X 100-treated virus-based ELLA. Using these reagents and assays we demonstrate discordant antigenic evolution between IBV NA and HA over the last 80 years. This optimized ELLA protocol will facilitate further in-depth serological surveys of IBV immunity as well as antigenic characterisation of the IBV NA on a larger scale. ImportanceInfluenza B viruses contribute to annual epidemics and may cause severe disease, especially in children. Consequently, several approaches are being explored to improve vaccine efficacy, including the addition of neuraminidase. Antigen selection and assessment of serological responses will require a reliable serological assay to specifically quantify Neuraminidase inhibition. While such assays have been assessed for influenza A viruses, this has not been done of influenza B viruses. Our study identifies a readily applicable strategy to measure inhibitory activity of neuraminidase-specific antibodies against influenza B virus without interference from anti-hemagglutinin antibodies. This will aid broader serological assessment of influenza B virus-specific antibodies and antigenic characterisation of the influenza B virus neuraminidase.

Explore related subjects

microbiologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Koutsakos, M., Do, T. T. H., Wille, M., Wheatley, A. K.. 2024-07-09. Triton-X 100-treated virus-based ELLA demonstrates discordant antigenic evolution of influenza B virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.09.602673

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

A conserved cysteine-histidine-glutamate metal site identifies DUF501 (Rv1025), an essential uncharacterised protein family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as a candidate metalloenzyme and drug target

A substantial fraction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome remains functionally uncharacterised. Rv1025, a 155-residue protein carrying the domain of unknown function DUF501 (Pfam PF04417), is essential by transposon mutagenesis and vulnerable by CRISPR interference, an attractive but neglected drug target, yet has never been functionally described. The family (4,370 proteins, no Gene Ontology term, no solved structure) is uncharacterised across all organisms and essential in three Actinobacterial genera. A Foldseek search of the AlphaFold model against complete structural databases finds no significant homolog, indicating a novel fold. The operon eno-divIC-Rv1025-ppx2 is conserved across the Actinobacteria phylum, yet AlphaFold-Multimer finds no direct complex between Rv1025 and its neighbour DivIC. Instead, conservation across 8,700 homologous sequences reveals a near-invariant Cys113-His115-Glu59 cluster forming a pocket. Holo AlphaFold3 predictions with Zn, Fe and Mn confidently place a divalent metal on this triad at 2.25-2.47 A; mutating the triad relocates the metal, and an independent backbone-geometry predictor recovers the same site, confirming specificity. The triad is universal across the family: present in all 1,472 near-complete bacterial sequences of the Pfam alignment, with no non-conservative substitution among the 2,228 sequences examined, a defining feature of bacterial DUF501 rather than a mycobacterial peculiarity. We propose that DUF501 is a metal-binding protein and candidate metalloenzyme, the first functional hypothesis for this family, whose conserved, essential metal pocket is a promising drug target. As the predictions build on a conservation-defined site within a fully computational study, they are supportive rather than proof of metal occupancy and warrant experimental validation.

microbiology↗
bioRxiv2026

Mycoplasmal endosymbionts of Trichomonas vaginalis are associated with reduced risk for Chlamydia trachomatis endometrial infection in asymptomatic, coinfected, women.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection, and Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial pathogen that can ascend to the upper genital tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. T. vaginalis harbors bacterial endosymbionts, including Candidatus Malacoplasma girerdii, an obligate symbiont, and Metamycoplasma hominis, which can live freely or symbiotically. In a 16S rRNA sequencing study of the cervicovaginal microbiome of women at high risk for chlamydial infection, Ca. M. girerdii abundance was one of 13 features predicting lack of chlamydial spread to the endometrium, despite no direct association between T. vaginalis infection and reduced chlamydial ascension. Investigating the relationship between these microorganisms further, we found that T. vaginalis vaginal abundance correlated positively with chlamydial burden in women whose infection was confined to the cervix, while a nonsignificant inverse relationship was seen in women with endometrial spread. Among participants with high chlamydial burden, Ca. M. girerdii was detected exclusively in women without endometrial infection. Both endosymbionts trended toward more frequent detection, and higher abundance, in coinfected women without endometrial spread, while M. hominis abundance correlated strongly with T. vaginalis burden in this group. These findings suggest that mycoplasmal endosymbionts of T. vaginalis, rather than T. vaginalis itself, are microbial factors limiting chlamydial ascension, and point to a three-way interaction between parasite, endosymbiont, and bacterial pathogen that shapes upper genital tract C. trachomatis infection risk.

microbiology↗
bioRxiv2026

Understanding the physiological alterations of Vibrio cholerae upon exposure to L-ascorbic acid

The scourge of cholera remains a major global public health threat. It affects up to 4 million people worldwide and causes tens of thousands of deaths each year. The disease is experiencing a concerning resurgence in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. To effectively tackle cholera and circumvent rising antimicrobial resistance, targeted biological and preventive approaches, complementing traditional rehydration, are urgently needed. In this regard, our group has demonstrated the efficacy of L-ascorbic acid in controlling the growth and pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae in vitro. The present work further provides a mechanistic elucidation of the L-ascorbic acid-mediated physiological changes in V. cholerae and also bolsters such a non-antibiotic approach to control cholera.

microbiology↗