RSV immunizes bystander cells to IAV infection using interferons β and {lambda}

Abstract

We observed the interference between two prevalent respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (IAV, H1N1), and characterized its molecular underpinnings in alveolar epithelial cells (A549). We found that RSV induces higher interferon (IFN) {beta} production than IAV and that IFN{beta} priming confers higher protection against infection with IAV than with RSV. Consequently, we focused on the sequential infection scheme: RSV-then-IAV. Using the A549 WT, IFNAR1 KO, IFNLR1 KO, and IFNAR1-IFNLR1 double KO cell lines we found that both IFN{beta} and IFN{lambda} are necessary for maximum protection against subsequent infection. Immunostaining revealed that preinfection with RSV partitions the cell population into a subpopulation susceptible to subsequent infection with IAV and an IAV-proof subpopulation. Strikingly, the susceptible cells turned out to be those already compromised and efficiently expressing RSV, whereas the bystander, interferon-primed cells are resistant to IAV infection. Thus, the virus-virus exclusion at the cell population level is not realized through a direct competition for a shared ecological niche (single cell) but rather achieved with the involvement of specific cytokines induced within the host innate immune response. ImportanceThe influenza A virus (IAV) and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common recurrent respiratory infectants, which show a relatively high coincidence. We demonstrated that preinfection with RSV partitions the cell population into a subpopulation susceptible to subsequent infection with IAV and an IAV-proof subpopulation. The susceptible cells are those already compromised and efficiently expressing RSV, whereas the bystander cells are resistant to IAV infection. The cross-protective effect critically depends on IFN{beta} and IFN{lambda} signaling and thus ensues when the proportion of cells preinfected with RSV is relatively low yet sufficient to trigger a pervasive antiviral state in bystander cells. Our study suggests that mild, but not severe, respiratory infections may have a short-lasting protective role against more dangerous respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.