Biology subjects

Yao, J. K.

Publications and source records attributed to Yao, J. K..

9 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Sulcal anatomy of ventral temporal cortex and reading development

Individual differences in cognitive abilities have been linked to variability in cortical folding, a stable neuroanatomical scaffold largely established in utero. In the domain of reading, recent findings in small groups of typical readers suggest that a sulcal interruption (superficial annectant gyrus, gyral gap) in the left posterior occipital temporal sulcus (lhpOTS) predicts better reading skills, posing the lhpOTS as a potential early biomarker of reading difficulties. However, it remains unknown whether this relationship found in typical readers generalizes to the dyslexic population and whether the lhpOTS can serve as a biomarker for dyslexia or predict response to targeted instruction.To fill these gaps, we examine the patterns of the lhpOTS in 209 children, including children with dyslexia, from four independently-collected samples. In typical readers, we find that the relationship between the lhpOTS and reading skills is robust, replicating across binary and continuous quantifications of the sulcal interruption. However, lhpOTS patterns neither distinguish dyslexic children from typical readers nor do they predict response to intervention. Instead, targeted reading intervention drives long-term gains in reading skills that are equivalent irrespective of VOTC anatomy. Together, these findings distinguish neuroanatomical correlates of skilled reading from determinants of reading impairment and learning capacity and emphasize the importance of the educational environment in supporting reading acquisition for children with dyslexia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEarly predictors of dyslexia are important for understanding the etiology of reading difficulties and informing early intervention. One candidate biomarker for dyslexia is the left posterior occipital temporal sulcus (lhpOTS), a neuroanatomical feature established before birth. In typical readers, the presence of an interruption in the lhpOTS has been linked to better reading skills. Here, we examine this neuroanatomical feature in 209 children with and without dyslexia. While the lhpOTS reliably relates to reading skill in typical readers, it neither differentiates dyslexic from typical readers nor predicts response to intensive reading intervention. These results show that brain anatomy reflects reading proficiency but does not constrain learning and highlights the power of targeted intervention to support reading development.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

From adolescence to adulthood: functional fingerprints of high-level visual cortex reveal differential development of visuospatial processing

Reading, social interaction, and navigation rely on visuospatial computations by population receptive fields (pRFs) in category-selective regions of the ventral, lateral, and dorsal streams. However, how visuospatial computations vary across streams and category, or develop during adolescence is unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pRF modeling in adolescents and adults, we investigate the development of pRFs and category-selectivity. Adolescents and adults show a consistent functional fingerprint whereby, pRF location, pRF size, and visual field coverage vary by category-selectivity, stream, and hemisphere. While pRF location is largely adult-like by adolescence, pRF size, visual field coverage, and category-selectivity exhibit region-specific increases and decreases from adolescence to adulthood. Together, these findings delineate a timeline of continued functional plasticity during adolescence and provide a multidimensional framework for understanding the organization of high-level visual cortex.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Visuospatial computations vary by category and stream and continue to develop in adolescence

Reading, face recognition, and navigation are supported by visuospatial computations in category-selective regions across ventral, lateral, and dorsal visual streams. However, the nature of visuospatial computations across streams and their development in adolescence remain unknown. Using fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling in adolescents and adults, we estimate pRFs in high-level visual cortex and determine their development. Results reveal that pRF location, size, and visual field coverage vary across category, stream, and hemisphere in both adolescents and adults. While pRF location is mature by adolescence, pRF size and visual field coverage continue to develop - increasing in face-selective and decreasing in place-selective regions - alongside similar development of category selectivity. These findings provide a timeline for differential development of visual functions and suggest that visuospatial computations in high-level visual cortex continue to be optimized to accommodate both category and stream demands through adolescence.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Microstructural pruning in human prefrontal cortex scaffolds its functional reorganization across development

Neural representations in occipitotemporal cortex emerge during development in response to visual experience with ecological stimulus categories, such as faces or words. While similar category-selective representations have also been observed in the frontal lobe, how they emerge across development, whether current models of brain development extend to prefrontal cortex, and the extent to which such high-level representations are anatomically consistent across the lifespan is unknown. Through a combination of functional and quantitative MRI scans, we observe previously undescribed cortical folding patterns in human-specific inferior frontal cortex whose consistency reveals that childhood representations for visual object categories rearrange into stable adulthood patterns. This functional restructuring was distinct from occipitotemporal cortex where adult-like response patterns only scale in magnitude across development. The unique form of functional development in prefrontal cortex was accompanied by restructuring of cortical tissue properties: macromolecules are pruned across adolescence in prefrontal cortex while they proliferate in temporal cortex. These results suggest visual representations in distinct cortical lobes undergo distinct developmental trajectories, and that human-specific prefrontal cortex shows an especially protracted maturational process that necessitates late-stage tissue restructuring detectable in the living brain.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Lateral frontoparietal functional connectivity based on individual sulcal morphology

A salient neuroanatomical feature of the human brain is its pronounced cortical folding, and there is mounting evidence that sulcal morphology is relevant to functional brain architecture and cognition. However, our understanding of the relationships between sulcal anatomy, brain activity, and behavior is still in its infancy. We previously found the depth of three small, shallow sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) was linked to reasoning performance in childhood and adolescence (Voorhies et al., 2021). These findings beg the question: what is the linking mechanism between sulcal morphology and cognition? To shed light on this question, we investigated functional connectivity among sulci in LPFC and lateral parietal cortex (LPC). We leveraged manual parcellations (21 sulci/hemisphere, total of 1806) and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) data from a reasoning task from 43 participants aged 7-18 years (20 female). We conducted clustering and classification analyses of individual- level functional connectivity among sulci. Broadly, we found that 1) the connectivity patterns of individual sulci could be differentiated - and more accurately than rotated sulcal labels equated for size and shape; 2) sulcal connectivity did not consistently correspond with that of probabilistic labels or large-scale networks; 3) sulci clustered together into groups with similar patterns, not dictated by spatial proximity; and 4) across individuals, greater depth was associated with higher network centrality for several sulci under investigation. These results highlight that functional connectivity can be meaningfully anchored to individual sulcal anatomy, and demonstrate that functional network centrality can vary as a function of sulcal depth. Significance StatementA salient, and behaviorally relevant, feature of the human brain is its pronounced cortical folding. However, the links between sulcal anatomy and brain function are still poorly understood - particularly for small, shallow, individually variable sulci in association cortices. Here, focusing on individually defined sulci in lateral prefrontal and parietal regions, we offer a novel, anatomically informed approach to defining functional connectomes. Further, we demonstrate, for the first time, a link between functional network centrality and sulcal morphology.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Spatial processing of limbs reveals the center-periphery bias in high level visual cortex follows a nonlinear topography

Human visual cortex contains regions selectively involved in perceiving and recognizing ecologically important visual stimuli such as people and places. Located in the ventral temporal lobe, these regions are organized consistently relative to cortical folding, a phenomenon thought to be inherited from how centrally or peripherally these stimuli are viewed with the retina. While this eccentricity theory of visual cortex has been one of the best descriptions of its functional organization, whether or not it accurately describes visual processing in all category-selective regions is not yet clear. Through a combination of behavioral and functional MRI measurements, we demonstrate that a limb-selective region neighboring well-studied face-selective regions defies predictions from the eccentricity theory of cortical organization. We demonstrate that the spatial computations performed by the limb-selective region are consistent with visual experience, and in doing so, make the novel observation that there may in fact be two eccentricity gradients, forming a parabolic topography across visual cortex. These data expand the current theory of cortical organization to provide a unifying principle that explains the broad functional features of many visual regions, showing that viewing experience interacts with innate wiring principles to drive the location of cortical specialization.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions

Similarities and differences in brain structure and function across species is of major interest in systems neuroscience, comparative biology, and brain mapping. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on tertiary sulci, which are shallow indentations of the cerebral cortex that appear last in gestation, continue to develop after birth, and are largely either human- or hominoid-specific. While tertiary sulcal morphology in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has been linked to functional representations and cognition in humans, it is presently unknown if LPFC tertiary sulci also exist in non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged two freely available multimodal datasets to address the following main question: Can LPFC tertiary sulci be defined in chimpanzee cortical surfaces from human predictions? We found that 1-3 components of the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) in the posterior middle frontal gyrus are identifiable in nearly all chimpanzee hemispheres. In stark contrast to the consistency of the pmfs components, we could only identify components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs) in two chimpanzee hemispheres. LPFC tertiary sulci were relatively smaller and shallower in chimpanzees compared to humans. In both species, two of the pmfs components were deeper in the right compared to the left hemisphere. As these results have direct implications for future studies interested in the functional and cognitive role of LPFC tertiary sulci across species, we share probabilistic predictions of the three pmfs components to guide the definitions of these sulci in future studies.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Presence or absence of a prefrontal sulcus is linked to reasoning performance during child development

The relationship between structural variability in late-developing association cortices like the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the development of higher-order cognitive skills is not well understood. Recent findings show that the morphology of LPFC sulci predicts reasoning performance; this work led to the observation of substantial individual variability in the morphology of one of these sulci, the para-intermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs). Here, we sought to characterize this variability and assess its behavioral significance. To this end, we identified the pimfs in a developmental cohort of 72 participants, ages 6-18. When controlling for age, the presence or absence of the ventral component of the pimfs was associated with reasoning, as was the total surface area of pimfs. These findings show that multiple features of sulci can support the development of complex cognitive abilities and highlight the importance of considering individual differences in local morphology when exploring the neurodevelopmental basis of cognition.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Sulcal depth in prefrontal cortex: A novel predictor of working memory performance

The neuroanatomical changes that underpin cognitive development is of major interest in neuroscience. Of the many aspects of neuroanatomy to consider, tertiary sulci are particularly appealing as they emerge last in gestation, show a protracted development after birth, and are either human- or hominoid-specific. Thus, they are ideal targets for exploring morphological-cognitive relationships with cognitive skills, such as verbal working memory (WM), that also show protracted development. Yet, the relationship between sulcal morphology and verbal WM is unknown, either in development or more generally. To fill this gap, we adopted a data-driven approach with cross-validation to examine the relationship between sulcal depth in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and verbal WM in 60 participants ages 6-18. These analyses identified nine left, but not right, LPFC sulci (of which six were tertiary) whose depth predicted verbal WM performance. Most of these sulci are located within and around contours of functionally defined parcellations of LPFC proposed previously. This sulcal depth model out-performed models with age or cortical thickness. Taken together, these findings contribute to building empirical support for a classic theory that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks in association cortices that contribute to aspects of human behavior that show a protracted development.

neuroscience↗