Effect of Glycosylation on the Free Energy Landscape of the Catalytic Domain of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX
N-linked glycosylation is known to modulate the catalytic function of human carbonic anhydrase (HCA) IX, yet its influence on the underlying free-energy landscape remains largely unexplored. In the present work, we combine extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with kinetic transition network analysis to investigate the effect of glycosylation on the conformational organization of the catalytic domain of HCA IX in both monomeric and dimeric forms. The multidimensional conformational space is discretized into distinct free energy minima using the distribution of reciprocal interatomic distances (DRID), and the effective barriers separating them are estimated using the max flow-min cut formalism. The corresponding free energy landscapes are visualized in terms of disconnectivity graphs, which provide a faithful representation of underlying kinetics. Minimum free energy paths, mean first passage times, as well as frustration metrics are computed to further quantify the effect of glycosylation on landscape topography. Unglycosylated systems are found to exhibit predominantly funnel-like landscapes, with a limited number of metastable states in the vicinity of the native protein fold. In contrast, glycosylation enhances landscape complexity, resulting in a wide array of relaxation timescales. Strikingly, the two glycan chains affect the landscape topography in distinct ways, despite having closely matching sequences. Dimerization couples the glycan chain dynamics, with transitions between key metastable states involving coordinated motions of both the chains. Our work illustrates that interpretation in terms of disconnectivity graphs and transition networks could reveal important insights into the organization of glycoprotein energy landscapes.