Biology subjects

Luo, Q.

Publications and source records attributed to Luo, Q..

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2019

Single-cell dissection of a rare human prostate basal cell carcinoma

As a rare subtype of prostate carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has not been studied extensively and thus lacks systematic molecular characterization. Here we applied single-cell genomic amplification and RNA-Seq to a specimen of human prostate BCC (CK34{beta}E12+/P63+/PAP-/PSA-). The mutational landscape was obtained via whole exome sequencing of the amplification mixture of 49 single cells, and the 5 putative driver genes mutated are CASC5, NUTM1, PTPRC, KMT2C and TBX3. The top 3 nucleotide substitutions are C>T, T>C and C>A, similar to common prostate cancer. The distribution of the variant allele frequency values indicated these single cells are from the same tumor clone. The transcriptomes of 69 single cells were obtained, and they were clustered into tumor, stromal and immune cells based on their global transcriptomic profiles. The tumor cells specifically express basal cell markers like KRT5, KRT14 and KRT23, and epithelial markers EPCAM, CDH1 and CD24. The transcription factor (TF) co-variance network analysis showed that the BCC tumor cells have distinct regulatory networks. By comparison with current prostate cancer datasets, we found that some of the bulk samples exhibit basal-cell signatures. Interestingly, at single-cell resolution the gene expression patterns of prostate BCC tumor cells show uniqueness compared with that of common prostate cancer-derived circulating tumor cells. This study, for the first time, discloses the comprehensive mutational and transcriptomic landscapes of prostate BCC, which lays a foundation for the understanding of its tumorigenesis mechanism and provides new insights into prostate cancers in general.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Engineering of membrane complex sphingolipids improves osmotic tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In order to enhance the growth performance of S. cerevisiae under harsh environmental conditions, mutant XCG001, which tolerates up to 1.5M NaCl, was isolated via adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Comparisons made via transcriptome data of XCG001 and the wild-type strain identified ELO2 as being associated with osmotic tolerance. Overexpression of ELO2 increased the contents of inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC, t18:0/26:0), mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC, t18:0/22:0(2OH)), MIPC (d18:0/22:0), MIPC (d20:0/24:0), mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide (M(IP)2C, d20:0/26:0), M(IP)2C (t18:0/26:0(2OH)) and M(IP)2C (d20:0/26:0(2OH)) by 88.3-, 166.9-, 63.3-, 23.9-, 27.9-, 113.8- and 208.1-fold at 1.0 M NaCl, respectively, compared those of strain XCG002. As a result, membrane integrity, cell growth and cell survival of the ELO2 overexpression strain (XCG010) increased by 24.4%, 29% and 22.1% at 1.0 M NaCl, respectively, compared those of strain XCG002. The findings provided a novel strategy for engineering complex sphingolipids to enhance osmotic tolerance.\n\nIMPORTANCEThis study demonstrated a novel strategy for manipulation membrane complex sphingolipids to enhance S. cerevisiae tolerance to osmotic stress. Osmotic tolerance was related to sphingolipid acyl chain elongase, Elo2, via transcriptome analysis of the wild-type strain and an osmotic tolerant strain generated from ALE. Overexpression of ELO2 increased complex sphingolipid with longer acyl chain, thus improved membrane integrity and osmotic tolerance.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2019

Neurobehavioural characterisation and stratification of reinforcement-related behaviour

AbstractReinforcement-related cognitive processes, such as reward processing, impulsiveness and emotional processing are critical components of externalising and internalising behaviours. It is unclear to what extent each of these processes contributes to individual behavioural symptoms, how their neural substrates give rise to distinct behavioural outcomes, and if neural profiles across different reinforcement-related processes might differentiate individual behaviours. We created a statistical framework that enabled us to directly compare functional brain activation during reward anticipation, motor inhibition and viewing of emotional faces in the European IMAGEN cohort of 2000 14-year-old adolescents. We observe significant correlations and modulation of reward anticipation and motor inhibition networks in hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention and conduct symptoms, and describe neural signatures across neuroimaging tasks that differentiate these behaviours. We thus characterise shared and distinct functional brain activation patterns that underlie different externalising symptoms and identify neural stratification markers, while accounting for clinically observed co-morbidity.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Reconstruction and functional annotation of Ascosphaera apis full-length transcriptome via PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing

Ascosphaera apis is a widespread fungal pathogen of honeybee larvae that results in chalkbrood disease, leading to heavy losses for the beekeeping industry in China and many other countries. This work was aimed at generating a full-length transcriptome of A. apis using PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. Here, more than 23.97 Gb of clean reads was generated from long-read sequencing of A. apis mecylia, including 464,043 circular consensus sequences (CCS) and 394,142 full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads. In total, we identified 174,095 high-confidence transcripts covering 5141 known genes with an average length of 2728 bp. We also discovered 2405 genic loci and 11,623 isoforms that have not been annotated yet within the current reference genome. Additionally, 16,049, 10,682, 4520 and 7253 of the discovered transcripts have annotations in the Non-redundant protein (Nr), Clusters of Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Moreover, 1205 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified, which have less exons, shorter exon and intron lengths, shorter transcript lengths, lower GC percent, lower expression levels, and fewer alternative splicing (AS) evens, compared with protein-coding transcripts. A total of 253 members from 17 transcription factor (TF) families were identified from our transcript datasets. Finally, the expression of A. apis isoforms was validated using a molecular approach. Overall, this is the first report of a full-length transcriptome of entomogenous fungi including A. apis. Our data offer a comprehensive set of reference transcripts and hence contributes to improving the genome annotation and transcriptomic study of A. apis.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Naïve B cells Associated with Better Prognosis of HCC

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignant solid tumor, causing high morbidity and mortality around the world and the major portion of HCC patients is from China. Cancer immunotherapies have shown some clinical responses in treating some types of cancer but did not shown significant efficiency in HCC treatment. This in part due to the impact of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is commonly believed that HCC is a heterogeneous solid tumor and the microenvironment of HCC plays an important role in tumorgenesis and development. Currently, the residents of the microenvironment of HCC is not well-defined and clarification, especially the immune cells, which we believe that paly pivotal roles in tumorgenesis and development. To depict the landscape of the composition, lineage and functional states of the immune cells in HCC, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced mouse HCC model. We observed heterogeneity within the immune and hepatocytes both in the precancerous condition of tumorigenesis and cancerous condition of HCC. In this study we found that the disease-associated changes appeared early in pathological progression and were highly cell-type specific. Specific subsets of T and B cells preferentially enriched in HCC, and we identified signature genes for each subset. Additionally, we mapped this group of specific cells to the human TCGA database. We found a cluster of naive B cells characterized by high expression of CD38 associated with better prognosis of human HCC. Our study demonstrates signaling interaction map based on receptor-ligand bonding on the single-cell level could broaden our comprehending of cellular networks in varies status. Our finding provides a new approach for patient stratification and will help further understand the functional states, dynamics and signaling interaction of B cells in hepatocellular carcinoma, and may provide a novel insight and therapeutics for the HCC.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

How well do crop models predict phenology, with emphasis on the effect of calibration?

Predicting phenology is essential for adapting varieties to different environmental conditions and for crop management. Therefore, it is important to evaluate how well different crop modeling groups can predict phenology. Multiple evaluation studies have been previously published, but it is still difficult to generalize the findings from such studies since they often test some specific aspect of extrapolation to new conditions, or do not test on data that is truly independent of the data used for calibration. In this study, we analyzed the prediction of wheat phenology in Northern France under observed weather and current management, which is a problem of practical importance for wheat management. The results of 27 modeling groups are evaluated, where modeling group encompasses model structure, i.e. the model equations, the calibration method and the values of those parameters not affected by calibration. The data for calibration and evaluation are sampled from the same target population, thus extrapolation is limited. The calibration and evaluation data have neither year nor site in common, to guarantee rigorous evaluation of prediction for new weather and sites. The best modeling groups, and also the mean and median of the simulations, have a mean absolute error (MAE) of about 3 days, which is comparable to the measurement error. Almost all models do better than using average number of days or average sum of degree days to predict phenology. On the other hand, there are important differences between modeling groups, due to model structural differences and to differences between groups using the same model structure, which emphasizes that model structure alone does not completely determine prediction accuracy. In addition to providing information for our specific environments and varieties, these results are a useful contribution to a knowledge base of how well modeling groups can predict phenology, when provided with calibration data from the target population.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Complete single neuron reconstruction reveals morphological diversity in molecularly defined claustral and cortical neuron types

Ever since the seminal findings of Ramon y Cajal, dendritic and axonal morphology has been recognized as a defining feature of neuronal types. Yet our knowledge concerning the diversity of neuronal morphologies, in particular distal axonal projection patterns, is extremely limited. To systematically obtain single neuron full morphology on a brain-wide scale, we established a platform with five major components: sparse labeling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration, and classification. We achieved sparse, robust and consistent fluorescent labeling of a wide range of neuronal types by combining transgenic or viral Cre delivery with novel transgenic reporter lines. We acquired high-resolution whole-brain fluorescent images from a large set of sparsely labeled brains using fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST). We developed a set of software tools for efficient large-volume image data processing, registration to the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), and computer-assisted morphological reconstruction. We reconstructed and analyzed the complete morphologies of 1,708 neurons from the striatum, thalamus, cortex and claustrum. Finally, we classified these cells into multiple morphological and projection types and identified a set of region-specific organizational rules of long-range axonal projections at the single cell level. Specifically, different neuron types from different regions follow highly distinct rules in convergent or divergent projection, feedforward or feedback axon termination patterns, and between-cell homogeneity or heterogeneity. Major molecularly defined classes or types of neurons have correspondingly distinct morphological and projection patterns, however, we also identify further remarkably extensive morphological and projection diversity at more fine-grained levels within the major types that cannot presently be accounted for by preexisting transcriptomic subtypes. These insights reinforce the importance of full morphological characterization of brain cell types and suggest a plethora of ways different cell types and individual neurons may contribute to the function of their respective circuits.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Serotonin Neurons in the Dorsal and Medial Raphe Nuclei: from Single-Cell Transcriptomes to Whole-Brain Projections

Serotonin neurons of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei (DR and MR) collectively innervate the entire forebrain and midbrain, modulating diverse physiology and behavior. To gain a fundamental understanding of their molecular heterogeneity, we used plate-based single-cell RNA-sequencing to generate a comprehensive dataset comprising eleven transcriptomically distinct serotonin neuron clusters. Systematic in situ hybridization mapped specific clusters to the principal DR, caudal DR, or MR. These transcriptomic clusters differentially express a rich repertoire of neuropeptides, receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors. We generated novel intersectional viral-genetic tools to access specific subpopulations. Whole-brain axonal projection mapping revealed that DR serotonin neurons co-expressing vesicular glutamate transporter-3 preferentially innervate the cortex, whereas those co-expressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone innervate subcortical regions in particular the hypothalamus. Reconstruction of 50 individual DR serotonin neurons revealed segregated axonal projection patterns at the single-cell level. Together, these results provide a molecular foundation of the heterogenous serotonin neuronal phenotypes.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

TeraVR Empowers Precise Reconstruction of Complete 3-D Neuronal Morphology in the Whole Brain

Neuron morphology is recognized as a key determinant of cell type, yet the quantitative profiling of a mammalian neurons complete three-dimensional (3-D) morphology remains arduous when the neuron has complex arborization and long projection. Whole-brain reconstruction of neuron morphology is even more challenging as it involves processing tens of teravoxels of imaging data. Validating such reconstructions is extremely laborious. We developed TeraVR, an open-source virtual reality annotation system, to address these challenges. TeraVR integrates immersive and collaborative 3-D visualization, interaction, and hierarchical streaming of teravoxel-scale images. Using TeraVR, we produced precise 3-D full morphology of long-projecting neurons in whole mouse brains and developed a collaborative workflow for highly accurate neuronal reconstruction.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Differences of endogenous polyamines and putative genes associated with paraquat resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.)

BackgroundParaquat is one of the most effective herbicides used to control weeds in agricultural management, while the pernicious weed goosegrass (Eleusine indica) has evolved resistance to herbicides, including paraquat. Polyamines provide high-level paraquat resistance in many plants. In the present study, we selected three polyamines, namely, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, as putative genes to investigate their correlation with paraquat resistance by using paraquat-resistant (R) and paraquat-susceptible (S) goosegrass populations.\n\nResultsThere was no significant difference in the putrescine nor spermine content between the R and S biotypes. However, 30 and 90 min after paraquat treatment, the spermidine concentration was 346.14-fold and 421.04-fold (P < 0.001) higher in the R biotype than in the S biotype, but the spermidine concentration was drastically reduced to a marginal level after 90 min. Since the transcript level of PqE was low while the spermidine concentration showed a transient increase, the PqE gene was likely involved in the synthesis of the paraquat resistance mechanism, regulation of polyamine content, and synthesis of spermidine and spermine. PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 encode transporter proteins involved in the regulation of paraquat concentration but showed different transcription patterns with synchronous changes in polyamine content.\n\nConclusionEndogenous polyamines (especially spermidine) play a vital role in paraquat resistance in goosegrass. PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 were speculated on the relationship between polyamine metabolism and paraquat resistance. To validate the roles of PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 in polyamine transport systems, further research is needed.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

RecV recombinase system for spatiotemporally controlled light-inducible genomic modifications.

Brain circuits are composed of vast numbers of intricately interconnected neurons with diverse molecular, anatomical and physiological properties. To allow highly specific targeting of individual neurons for structural and functional studies, we modified three site-specific DNA recombinases, Cre, Dre and Flp, by combining them with a fungal light-inducible protein, Vivid, so that their recombinase activities can be driven by blue light. We generated viral vectors to express these light-inducible recombinases and demonstrated that they can induce genomic modifications in dense or sparse populations of neurons in live mouse brains controlled by one-photon or two-photon light induction. As an important application, we showed that light-inducible recombinases can produce highly targeted, sparse and strong labeling of individual neurons thereby enabling whole-brain morphological reconstruction to identify their axonal projection specificity. In addition to targeting cortical brain areas, we applied the method in deep targets, with a demonstration of functional calcium imaging. These molecular tools enable spatiotemporally-precise, targeted genomic modifications that will greatly facilitate detailed analysis of neural circuits and linking genetic identity, morphology, connectivity and function.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

A Novel Neoantigen Discovery Approach based on Chromatin High Order Conformation: Mapping the Neoantigen to 3D Genome

The high-throughput sequencing technology has yielded reliable and ultra-fast sequencing for DNA and RNA. For tumor cells of cancer patients, when combining the results of DNA and RNA sequencing, one can identify potential neoantigens that stimulate immune response of the T cells. However, when the somatic mutations are abundant, it is computationally challenging to efficiently prioritize the identified neoantigen candidates according to their ability of activating the T cell immuno-response. Numerous prioritization or prediction approaches have been proposed to address this issue but none of them considers the original DNA loci of the neoantigens from the perspective of 3D genome. Here we retrospect the DNA origins of the immune-positive and non-negative neoantigens in the context of 3D genome and discovered that 1) DNA loci of the immuno-positive neoantigens tend to cluster genome-wise. 2) DNA loci of the immuno-positive neoantigens tend to belong to active chromosomal compartment (compartment A) in some chromosomes. 3). DNA loci of the immuno-positive neoantigens tend to locate at specific regions in the 3D genome. We believe that the 3D genome information will help more precise neoantigen prioritization and discovery and eventually benefit precision and personalized medicine in cancer immunotherapy.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2018

Loud music and the specific sound stress open the blood-brain barrier: new fundamental, biomedical, and social aspects

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge for drug brain delivery. The limitation of our knowledge about the nature of BBB explains the slow progress in the therapy of brain diseases and absence of methods for drug brain delivery in the clinical practice.\n\nHere we show that BBB opens for low/high weight molecules and nanocarriers after exposure of loud music/sound of 90 dB and 100 dB (regardless its frequency) as being easily produced by MP3/MP4 players, kitchen appliances, loudspeakers at concerts. The role of sound, sound-induced stress and molecular mechanisms behind is discussed in the framework of BBB opening as an informative platform for a novel fundamental knowledge about the nature of BBB and for the development of a non-invasive brain drug delivery technology.\n\nSocial aspects of music/sound-induced opening of BBB provide completely new information about noise and healthy life conditions that will stimulate new research in this field.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

The mutational features of aristolochic acid-induced mouse and human liver cancers

Aristolochic acid (AA) derived from traditional Chinese herbal remedies has recently been statistically associated with human liver cancer; however, the causal relationships between AA and liver cancer and the underlying evolutionary process of AA-mediated mutagenesis during tumorigenesis are obscure. Here, we subjected mice, including Pten-deficient ones, to aristolochic acid I (AAI) alone or a combination of AAI and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which may induce liver injury. Significantly, AAI promoted the development of liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, in a dose-dependent manner, and it increased the incidence of liver cancer, together with CCl4 or Pten deficiency. AAI could lead to DNA damage and AAI-DNA adducts that initiate liver cancer via characteristic A>T transversions, as indicated by the comprehensive genomic analysis, which revealed recurrent mutations in Hras and some genes encoding components of the Ras/Raf, PI3K, Notch, Hippo, Wnt, DNA polymerase family and the SWI/SNF complex, some of which are also often found in human liver cancer. Mutational signature analysis across human cancer types revealed that the AA-related dominant signature was especially implicated in liver cancer in China, based on very stringent criteria derived from the animal cancer form, in which mutations of TP53 and JAK1 are prone to be significantly enriched. Interestingly, AAI-mediated characteristic A>T mutations were the earliest genetic event driving malignant subclonal evolution in mouse and human liver cancer. In general, this study provides documented evidence for AA-induced liver cancer with featured mutational processes during malignant clonal evolution, laying a solid foundation for the prevention and diagnosis of AA-associated human cancers, especially liver cancer.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Distribution of duck-origin parvovirus in Cherry Valley ducks in vivo over time and histopathological investigation

In 2015, we successfully isolated a strain of duck-origin parvovirus from Cherry Valley ducks, which we named QH-L01. In this study, duck-origin parvovirus in Cherry Valley ducks was quantified and localized by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and pathological damage to the tissues and organs was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining). qPCR showed that the viral load was higher in the spleen, brain, lung, cecum, ileum, and duodenum over time. The results from IHC experiments showed positive reactions in hepatocytes, epithelium of the lung atrium, myocardial cells, goblet cells of the intestine, and brain cells. Primary histological examination revealed pulmonary lobule depletion and dilation in the lung as well as necrosis and erosion of the villus tips in the duodenum, ileum and cecum. This study is the first demonstration that duck-origin parvovirus can be transmitted from the spleen to the brain and lung, resulting in proliferation and dissemination of the virus to the cecum, ileum, duodenum and other tissues through the blood. The lung, duodenum, ileum and cecum may thus represent the main target tissues and organs for duck-origin parvovirus.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2018

A robust image registration interface for large volume brain atlas

Mapping the brain structures in three-dimensional accurately is critical for an in-depth understanding of the brain functions. By using the brain atlas as a hub, mapping detected datasets into a standard brain space enables efficiently use of various datasets. However, because of the heterogeneous and non-uniform characteristics of the brain structures at cellular level brought with the recently developed high-resolution whole-brain microscopes, traditional registration methods are difficult to apply to the robust mapping of various large volume datasets. Here, we proposed a robust Brain Spatial Mapping Interface (BrainsMapi) to address the registration of large volume datasets at cellular level by introducing the extract regional features of the anatomically invariant method and a strategy of parameter acquisition and large volume transformation. By performing validation on model data and biological images, BrainsMapi can not only achieve robust registration on sample tearing and streak image datasets, different individual and modality datasets accurately, but also are able to complete the registration of large volume dataset at cellular level which dataset size reaches 20 TB. Besides, it can also complete the registration of historical vectorized dataset. BrainsMapi would facilitate the comparison, reuse and integration of a variety of brain datasets.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

Molecular determinants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin secretion and delivery

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a heterogeneous diarrheal pathovar defined by production of heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) toxins, remain major causes of mortality among children in developing regions, and cause substantial morbidity in individuals living in or traveling to endemic areas. Studies demonstrating a major burden of ST-producing ETEC have focused interest on ST toxoids for ETEC vaccines. We therefore examined fundamental aspects of ETEC ST biology using ETEC H10407, which carries estH and estP genes encoding ST-H and ST-P, respectively, in addition to eltAB genes responsible for LT. In this background, we found that deletion of estH significantly diminished cGMP activation in target epithelia, while deletion of estP had a surprisingly modest impact, and a dual estH/estP mutant was not appreciably different than the estH mutant. Nevertheless, either ST-H or ST-P recombinant peptides stimulated cGMP production. We also found that the TolC efflux protein was essential for both toxin secretion and delivery, providing a potential avenue for efflux inhibitors in treatment of acute diarrheal illness. In addition, we demonstrated that the EtpA adhesin is required for optimal delivery of ST and that antibodies against either the adhesin or ST-H significantly impaired toxin delivery and cGMP activation in target T84 cells. Finally, we used FLAG epitope fusions to demonstrate that the ST-H pro-peptide sequence is secreted by the bacteria, potentially providing additional targets for antibody neutralization. These studies collectively extend our understanding of ETEC pathogenesis and potentially inform additional avenues to mitigate disease by these common diarrheal pathogens.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Topographic diversity of structural connectivity in schizophrenia

The neurobiological heterogeneity of schizophrenia is widely accepted, but it is unclear how mechanistic differences converge to produce the observed phenotype. Establishing a pathophysiological model that accounts for both heterogeneity and phenotypic similarity is essential to inform stratified treatment approaches. In this cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study, we recruited 77 healthy controls (HC), and 71 patients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia (SCZ), and reconstructed the structural connectivity of 90 brain regions covering entire cerebral cortex. We first confirmed the heterogeneity in structural connectivity by showing a reduced inter-individual similarity in SCZ compared with HC. Moreover, we found it was not possible to cluster patients into subgroups with shared patterns of dysconnectivity, indicating a high degree of mechanistic divergence in schizophrenia. Instead of the strength of connectivity between any particular brain regions, we investigated the diversity (or statistically, the variance) of the topographic distribution of the strength was reduced. HC had higher topographic diversity in whole brain structural connectivity compared to the patient group\n\n(P = 2 x 10-6, T = 4.96, Cohen'S d = 0.87). In 62 of the 90 brain regions, the topographic diversity was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls after FDR correction (<0.05). When topographic diversity was used as a discriminant feature for classification between patients and controls, we significantly (P = 4.29 x 10-24) improved the classification accuracy to 79.6% (sensitivity 78.3%, specificity 81.3%). This finding suggests highly individualized pattern of structural dysconnectivity underlying the heterogeneity of schizophrenia converges to a convergent common pathway as reduced topographic diversity for the clinical construct of the disease.

neuroscience↗