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Results for “Physiology”

Search indexed bioRxiv preprints in genomics, neuroscience, cell biology and bioinformatics. Read source abstracts and check manuscript versions; preprints are not peer reviewed.

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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Decoding plant x environment interactions through spatial gradients in leaf physiology and metabolism

Succulent leaves are well known to combine photosynthesis, carbon storage and hydraulic buffering. However, their metabolic responses to heat and drought may differ along the same leaf axis. We investigated spatial and temporal changes in leaf tissue water content, photosynthetic performance and central carbon metabolism in the CAM plant Sansevieria cylindrica across three experimental phases: (i) heat, (ii) combined heat and drought, and (iii) rewatering under continued heat. Apical, middle and basal leaf sections were sampled at midday, and chlorophyll fluorescence was monitored near the leaf tip. Fresh-weight-to-dry-weight ratios declined significantly in basal tissues under drought, whereas apical tissues showed a significant decrease only during rewatering indicating a considerable delay in tissue water supply along the leaf axis. Apical photosystem II quantum yield decreased during combined heat and drought, and sucrose accumulated transiently during heat exposure, particularly in middle and basal sections. Glucose and fructose peaked under drought conditions and declined after rewatering. Citrate decreased during the experimental time course, while apical malate increased significantly during rewatering phase. Chlorophyll varied primarily with leaf position, whereas starch and fumarate showed no significant effects. Neural network classification identified citrate and sucrose as major contributors to the discrimination of treatment phases, while chlorophyll was most informative for distinguishing leaf positions. Together, these findings demonstrate that within leaf physiological and metabolic gradients capture complementary dimensions of plant x environment interactions, distinguishing spatially structured leaf characteristics from dynamic stress responses. Integrating spatially resolved metabolic and physiological profiles thus provides a promising approach for identifying biochemical signatures of environmental stress and recovery in CAM plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

TOMATO FERTIGATION MANAGEMENT UNDERPINS A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR REPROGRAMMING UNDER SALT STRESS

Agricultural crops are often exposed to concurrent environmental stresses, with soil salinization and intensive fertilization representing two major threats to sustainable food production. Here, we investigated the effect of nitrogen availability on salinity tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through integrated physiological, agronomic, and transcriptomic analyses. Our results confirm that salinity-induced declines in chlorophyll content were mitigated by moderate nitrate reduction, while vegetative development remained largely unaffected. Likewise, reproductive traits under moderate nitrate supply were comparable to those observed in fully fertilized plants. Interestingly, fruit quality traits in terms of sugars and lycopene content, were enhanced particularly under salinity combined with reduced nitrate supply. Consistent with these physiological responses, transcriptomic analyses across the different nitrate regimes revealed extensive salinity-induced transcriptional reprogramming, with the largest response observed under moderate nitrate supply. Together, these findings highlight the potential of precise fertilization management to improve both productivity and fruit quality in saline environments.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Physiological learning involves intrasynaptic reorganization of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors

Learning and memory formation depend on persistent modifications of excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus through changes in AMPA receptor (AMPAR) content and properties at potentiated synapses. However, directly demonstrating such changes after physiological, behavior-driven learning in the intact brain has remained technically difficult. Using SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling (SDS-FRL), we examined the density and nanoscale localization of AMPAR subunits GluA1, GluA2, and GluA3 in the mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. GluA2 density was higher than GluA1 and GluA3 densities at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, consistent with previous studies showing that AMPARs in CA1 pyramidal cells mostly contain GluA2. The extrasynaptic density of GluA3 was substantially lower than those of GluA1 and GluA2, pointing to distinct trafficking mechanisms. GluA1- and GluA2-containing receptors were enriched at synaptic peripheries, whereas GluA3 was more centrally localized and clustered, a subunit-specific intrasynaptic organization consistent with differential roles in plasticity. To investigate learning-induced reorganization, we combined the inhibitory avoidance, hippocampus-dependent contextual learning paradigm with SDS-FRL in the CA1 stratum radiatum. Learning induced a selective increase in synaptic GluA1 density accompanied by a concurrent decrease in GluA2 density, consistent with a compositional shift toward higher-conductance GluA1-containing receptors, specifically in the proximal CA1 area. Strikingly, we found a redistribution of GluA1 from the synaptic periphery toward the center, accompanied by increased clustering. These findings reveal intrasynaptic receptor redistribution alongside subunit composition change, a nanoscale molecular signature at CA3-CA1 synapses, which may constitute a mechanism of hippocampal memory formation in physiological learning.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Circadian multimodal physiological, ocular and behavioural data from a 40-hour forced-desynchrony protocol

We present a multimodal dataset from twelve healthy adults (aged 19-30 years, 50% female) who completed a 40-hour ultra-short sleep-wake forced desynchrony protocol which scheduled 2 h 30 min of wakefulness in dim light and 1 h 15 min of sleep in darkness (2:1 wake:sleep ratio), with the protocol ending after the last wake period. This schedule compressed the typical 24-hour day into an ultradian 3 h 45 min cycle to decouple circadian and homeostatic influences on physiology and behaviour. During each wake interval, participants completed repeated assessments of visual psychophysics (chromatic temporal contrast sensitivity), pupillometry with silent-substitution stimuli, ocular structure (optical coherence tomography) and physiology (intraocular pressure), psychomotor vigilance, salivary hormones, and standardised questionnaires, alongside continuous actigraphy, electrocardiography, and recordings of core and peripheral temperature, blood pressure, and interstitial glucose. Two supplementary evening sessions under experimental light exposure and dim-light conditions provide comparison data on circadian phase (salivary melatonin concentration, dim-light melatonin onset). Data collected from one pilot participant and screenings of two excluded candidates are additionally included. This dataset supports reuse for investigating circadian dynamics across multiple domains beyond the retinal-function hypotheses of the original study.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Physiological caffeine concentrations do not affect enteric neural crest cell migration in a mouse model

The defect in enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration that causes Hirschsprung disease (HD) in newborns is linked to genetic and likely also environmental factors. Among these, maternal coffee consumption has been associated with increased HD risk, yet the role of caffeine on ENCC migration has remained unexplored. Here, we show that although mouse ENCCs express caffeine-sensitive ADORA2A receptors, physiological doses of caffeine do not perturb endogenous ENCC calcium activity. We find that caffeine can modulate ENCC outgrowth in a 2D culture model but that it does not affect migration in a 3D collagen gel and in the ex-vivo embryonic gut. We conclude that physiological doses of caffeine do not hamper ENCC migration in the ex-vivo embryonic mouse intestine, thereby discarding a potential direct environmental mechanism of caffeine in HD.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2015

Hyper-variability in Circulating Insulin Levels and Physiological Outcomes to High Fat Feeding in Male Ins1-/-:Ins2+/- Mice in a Specific Pathogen-free Facility

Insulin is an essential hormone with key roles in energy homeostasis and body composition. Mice and rats, unlike other mammals, have two insulin genes: the rodent-specific Ins1 gene and the ancestral Ins2 gene. The relationships between insulin gene dosage and obesity has previously been explored in male and female Ins2-/- mice with full or reduced Ins1 dosage, as well as in female Ins1-/- mice with full or partial Ins2 dosage. We report herein unexpected hyper-variability in circulating insulin and physiological responses to high fat feeding in male Ins1-/-:Ins2+/- mice. Two large cohorts of Ins1-/-:Ins2+/- mice and their Ins1-/-:Ins2+/+ littermates were fed chow diet or high fat diet (HFD) from weaning and housed in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Cohort A and cohort B were studied one year apart. Contrary to female mice from the same litters, inactivating one Ins2 allele on the complete Ins1-null background did not cause a consistent reduction of circulating insulin in male mice. In cohort A, HFD-fed males showed an equivalent degree of insulin hypersecretion and weight gain, regardless of Ins2 dosage. In cohort B, Ins1-/-:Ins2+/- males showed decreased insulin levels and body mass, compared to Ins1-/-:Ins2+/+ littermates. While experimental conditions were held consistent between cohorts, we found that HFD-fed Ins1-/-:Ins2+/- mice with lower insulin levels had increased corticosterone. Collectively, these observations highlight the hyper-variability and range of phenotypic characteristics modulated by Ins2 gene dosage, specifically in male mice.

Physiology↗

bioRxiv2017

Role Of Chymotrypsin-Like Elastase 1 In Lung Physiology And in α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency-related emphysema is the fourth leading indication for lung transplantation. We previously demonstrated that AAT covalently neutralizes chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (Cela1) in vitro, that Cela1 is expressed during the alveolar stage of lung development in association with regions of lung elastin remodeling, and that lung stretch increases Cela1 expression and binding to lung elastin. Here we show that Cela1 is exclusively responsible for stretch-inducible lung elastase activity, reduces postnatal lung elastance, and is required for emphysema in an antisense oligo model of AAT deficiency. Cela1 mRNA is present in the human lung, and in the placental mammal lineage, Cela1 is more conserved than Cela2 or Cela3 with unique promoter and protein elements indicating a unique role for Cela1 in this lineage. These data demonstrate an adaptive role for Cela1 in placental mammal lung biology with physiologic relevance to AAT-deficient lung disease in humans.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Physiological predictors of competitive performance in CrossFit(R) athletes

The aim of this study was to determine which physiological variables could predict performance during a CrossFit competition. Fifteen male CrossFit athletes (35 {+/-} 9 years) participated and performed a series of tests (incremental load test for full squat and bench press, jump tests, incremental running test, and Wingate test) that were used as potential predictors of CrossFit performance. Thereafter, they performed the five Workouts of the Day (WODs) corresponding to the CrossFit Games Open 2019, and the relationship between each variable and CrossFit performance was analyzed. Overall Crossfit performance (i.e., final ranking considering all WODs) was significantly related to jump ability, mean and peak power output during the Wingate test, relative maximum strength for the full squat and the bench press, and maximum oxygen uptake and maximum speed during an incremental running test (all p<0.05, r=0.58-0.75), although the relationship of most markers varied depending on the analyzed WOD. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the combination of maximum oxygen uptake, squat jump ability, and reactive strength index accounted for 81% of the variance in overall CrossFit performance (p=0.0003). CrossFit performance seems dependent on a variety of power-, strength-, and aerobic-related markers, which reflects the complexity of this sport. Improvements in aerobic capacity may help people and athletes in CrossFit performance and well-being. Also, focus on lower body power could be the key to obtain better performance markers.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Selection and subsequent physiological characterisation of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during continuous growth at sub- and- supra optimal temperatures

A phenotypic screening of 12 industrial yeast strains and the well-studied laboratory strain CEN.PK113-7D at cultivation temperatures between 12 {degrees}C and 40 {degrees}C revealed significant differences in maximum growth rates and temperature tolerance. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, one performing best at sub-, and the other at supra-optimal temperatures, plus the laboratory strain, were selected for further physiological characterization in well-controlled bioreactors. The strains were grown in anaerobic chemostats, at a fixed specific growth rate of 0.03 h-1 and sequential batch cultures at 12, 30, and 39 {degrees}C. We observed significant differences in biomass and ethanol yields on glucose, biomass protein and storage carbohydrate contents, and biomass yields on ATP between strains and cultivation temperatures. Increased temperature tolerance coincided with higher energetic efficiency of cell growth, indicating that temperature intolerance is a result of energy wasting processes, such as increased turnover of cellular components (e.g. proteins) due to temperature induced damage.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Physiological properties and tailored feeds to support aquaculture of marbled crayfish in closed systems

The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a recently discovered freshwater crayfish species, which reproduces by apomictic parthenogenesis, resulting in a monoclonal, all-female population. The animals have become a popular source for nutritional protein in Madagascar and are increasingly being considered for commercial aquaculture. However, their potential has remained unclear and there are also significant ecological concerns about their anthropogenic distribution. We show here that the size and weight of marbled crayfish is comparable to commonly farmed freshwater crayfish. Furthermore, chemical analysis revealed a high chitin content in the marbled crayfish exoskeleton, which is a valuable source for the synthesis of chitosan and bioplastics. To allow the further evaluation of the animals in closed aquaculture systems, we developed tailored feeds that revealed an important role of methionine supplementation for animal growth. Additional analysis revealed a feed conversion rate of 1.4, which compares favorably to leading livestock for sustainable food production. Finally, we provide a concept for ecologically safe marbled crayfish aquaculture, based on key physiological characteristics that mitigate the invasive potential of the animals.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Show me your Dufour's gland and I'll tell you who you are: caste and physiology specific signals in Bombus impatiens

Reproductive division of labor in insect societies is regulated through multiple concurrent mechanisms, primarily chemical and behavioral. Here, we examined if the Dufours gland secretion in the primitively eusocial bumble bee Bombus impatiens signals information about caste, social condition, and reproductive status. We chemically analyzed Dufours gland contents across castes, age groups, social and reproductive conditions, and examined worker behavioral and antennal responses to gland extracts. We found that workers and queens each possess caste-specific compounds in their Dufours glands. Queens and gynes differed from workers based on the presence of diterpene compounds which were absent in workers, whereas four esters were exclusive to workers. These esters, as well as the total amounts of hydrocarbons in the gland, provided a separation between castes and also between fertile and sterile workers. Olfactometer bioassays demonstrated attraction of workers to Dufours gland extracts that did not represent a reproductive conflict, while electroantennogram recordings showed higher overall antennal sensitivity in queenless workers. Our results demonstrate that compounds in the Dufours gland act as caste- and physiology-specific signals and are used by workers to discriminate between workers of different social and reproductive status.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Effects of faecal inorganic contents in accurate measures of stress and nutrition hormone in large felines: implications for physiological assessments in free-ranging animals

Non-invasive stress and nutritional hormones and their interactions are increasingly being used to monitor psychological and nutritional physiology in free-ranging animals at different ecological scales. However, a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors including hormone-inert dietary materials, inorganic matters etc. are known to affect accurate hormone measures. Here we addressed the impacts of inorganic matter (IOM) on corticosterone and T3 measures in wild tiger (n=193 from Terai Arc landscape, India) and captive lion (n=120 from Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, Gujarat, India) faeces and evaluated possible corrective measures. The wild tiger samples contained highly variable IOM content (9-98%, mostly with >40% IOM) compared to captive Asiatic lion (17-57%, majority with <40% IOM). We observed significant negative correlation between IOM content and tiger GC (r=-0.48, p=0.000) and T3 (r=-0.60, p=0.000) measures but not in captive lions (r=-0.05, p=0.579). Two corrective measures viz. removing samples with [≥]80% IOM and subsequently expressing concentrations as per gram of organic dry matter (instead of total dry matter) reduced IOM influence on tiger GC and T3 measures without affecting lion GC results. The corrective measures bring out alterations in the tiger T3 results but no changes in GC results. As faecal IOM content is associated with specific behaviours of many carnivore species, our results emphasize the need to reduce IOM-driven hormone data variation for ecologically relevant interpretations for species conservation.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Molecular and physiological responses predict acclimation limits in juvenile brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis )

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations are at risk of exposure to high water temperatures in the species native range in eastern North America. We quantified the physiological and molecular responses of juvenile brook trout to six acclimation temperatures that span the thermal distribution of the species (5, 10, 15, 20, 23, and 25{degrees}C). Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we measured the mRNA transcript abundance of temperature-induced cellular stress genes to identify a potential sub-lethal temperature threshold for brook trout between 20-23{degrees}C. Brook trout exhibited an upregulation of stress-related genes (heat shock protein 90-beta; heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; glutathione peroxidase 1) and a downregulation of transcription factors and osmoregulation-related genes (Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter-1-a; nuclear protein 1) at temperatures [≥]20{degrees}C. We also used respirometry to assess the effects of the acclimation temperatures on oxygen consumption. Standard metabolic rate results indicated that energy expenditure was higher at temperatures [≥]20{degrees}C. We then examined the effects of acclimation temperature on metabolic rate and blood plasma parameters in fish exposed to an acute exhaustive exercise and air exposure stress. Fish acclimated to temperatures [≥]20{degrees}C exhibited elevated levels of plasma cortisol, muscle lactate, and plasma glucose after exposure to the acute stressors. After 24 h of recovery, fish showed longer metabolic recovery times at 15 and 20{degrees}C and cortisol levels remaining elevated at temperatures [≥]20{degrees}C. Our findings suggest that brook trout may have a limited ability to acclimate to temperatures >20{degrees}C and increases in temperatures beyond 20{degrees}C may impact brook trout populations.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Phenotyping heart failure using model-based analysis and physiology-informed machine learning

To determine the underlying mechanistic differences between diagnoses of Heart Failure (HF) and specifically heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF & HFpEF), a closed loop model of the cardiovascular system coupled with patient specific transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and right heart catheterization (RHC) measures was used to identify key parameters representing cardiovascular hemodynamics. Thirty-one patient records (10 HFrEF, 21 HFpEF) were obtained from the Cardiovascular Health Improvement Project (CHIP) database at the University of Michigan. Model simulations were tuned to match RHC and TTE pressure, volume and cardiac output measures in each patient with average error between data and model of 4.87 {+/-} 2%. The underlying physiological model parameters were then plotted against model-based norms and compared between the HFrEF and HFpEF group. Our results confirm that the main mechanistic parameter driving HFrEF is reduced left ventricular contractility, while for HFpEF a much wider underlying phenotype is presented. Conducting principal component analysis (PCA), k-means, and hierarchical clustering on the optimized model parameters, but not on clinical measures, shows a distinct group of HFpEF patients sharing characteristics with the HFrEF cohort, a second group that is distinct as HFpEF and a group that exhibits characteristics of both. Significant differences are observed (p-value<.001) in left ventricular active contractility and left ventricular relaxation, when comparing HFpEF patients to those grouped as similar to HFrEF. These results suggest that cardiovascular system modeling of standard clinical data is able to phenotype and group HFpEF as different subdiagnoses, possibly elucidating patient-specific treatment strategies.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Intracellular Ca2+ channels initiate physiological glucose signaling in beta cells examined in situ

The release of peptide hormones is predominantly regulated by a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c). To trigger exocytosis, Ca2+ ions enter the cytosol from intracellular Ca2+ stores or from the extracellular space. The molecular events of late stages of exocytosis, and their dependence on [Ca2+]c, were extensively described in isolated single cells from various endocrine glands. Notably less work has been done on endocrine cells in situ to address the heterogeneity of [Ca2+]c events contributing to a collective functional response of a gland. For this beta cell collectives in a pancreatic islet are particularly well suited as they are the smallest, experimentally manageable functional unit, where [Ca2+]c dynamics can be simultaneously assessed on both cellular and collective level. Here we measured [Ca2+]c transients across all relevant timescales, from a sub-second to a minute time range, using high-resolution imaging with low-affinity Ca2+ sensor. We quantified the recordings with a novel computational framework for semi-automatic image segmentation and [Ca2+]c event identification. Our results demonstrate that under physiological conditions the duration of [Ca2+]c events is variable, and segregated into 3 reproducible modes, sub-second, second and tens of seconds time range, and are a result of a progressive temporal summation of the shortest events. Using pharmacological tools we show that activation of intracellular Ca2+ receptors is both sufficient and necessary for glucose-dependent [Ca2+]c oscillations in beta cell collectives, and that a subset of [Ca2+]c events could be triggered even in the absence of Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. In aggregate, our experimental and analytical platform was able to readily address the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ receptors in shaping the heterogeneity of [Ca2+]c responses in collectives of endocrine cells in situ.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Relationships between endogenous circadian period, physiological and cognitive parameters and sex in aged non-human primates

The biological clock exhibits circadian rhythms, with an endogenous period tau close to 24h. The circadian resonance theory proposes that lifespan is reduced when endogenous period goes far from 24h. It has been suggested that daily resetting of the circadian clock to the 24h external photoperiod might induce marginal costs that would accumulate over time and forward accelerate aging and affect fitness. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the link between the endogenous period and biomarkers of aging in order to investigate the mechanisms of the circadian resonance theory. We studied 39 middle-aged and aged Microcebus murinus, a nocturnal non-human primate whose endogenous period is about 23.1h, measuring the endogenous period of locomotor activity, as well as several physiological and behavioral parameters (rhythm fragmentation and amplitude, energetic expenditure, oxidative stress, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations and cognitive performances) in both males and females. We found that aged males with tau far from 24h displayed increased oxidative stress. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between tau and IGF-1 concentrations, as well as learning performances, in males and females. Together these results suggest that a great deviation of tau from 24h leads to increased biomarkers of age-related impairments. Summary StatementThis manuscript describes how the misalignment between the endogenous circadian period and the 24h of the environmental periodicity impacts aging biomarkers and accelerates cognitive decline.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Prediction of survival after hepatectomy using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of indocyanine green liver function tests

The evaluation of hepatic function and functional capacity of the liver are essential tasks in hepatology as well as in hepatobiliary surgery. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a widely applied test compound that is used in clinical routine to evaluate hepatic function. Important questions for the functional evaluation with ICG in the context of hepatectomy are how liver disease such as cirrhosis alters ICG elimination, and if postoperative survival can be predicted from preoperative ICG measurements. Within this work a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ICG was developed and applied to the prediction of the effects of a liver resection under various degrees of cirrhosis. For the parametrization of the computational model and validation of model predictions a database of ICG pharmacokinetic data was established. The model was applied (i) to study the effect of liver cirrhosis and liver resection on ICG pharmacokinetics; and (ii) to evaluate the model-based prediction of postoperative ICG-R15 as a measure for postoperative outcome. Key results are the accurate prediction of changes in ICG pharmacokinetics caused by liver cirrhosis and postoperative changes of ICG-elimination after liver resection, as validated with a wide range of data sets. Based on the PBPK model, individual survival after liver resection could be classified, demonstrating its potential value as a clinical tool.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Physiological insight into the conserved properties of Caenorhabditis elegans acid-sensing DEG/ENaCs

Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are members of the diverse family of degenerin/epithelial sodium channels (DEG/ENaCs). They perform a wide range of physiological roles in healthy organisms, including in gut function and synaptic transmission, but also play important roles in disease, as acidosis is a hallmark of painful inflammatory and ischaemic conditions. We performed a screen for acid-sensitivity on all 30 subunits of the C. elegans DEG/ENaC family using Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC) in Xenopus oocytes. We found two groups of acid-sensing DEG/ENaCs characterised by being inhibited or activated by increasing proton concentrations. Three of these acid-sensitive C. elegans DEG/ENaCs were activated by acidic pH, making them functionally similar to the vertebrate ASICs. We also identified four new members of the acid-inhibited DEG/ENaC group, giving a total of seven additional acid-sensitive channels. We observed sensitivity to the anti-hypertensive drug amiloride as well as modulation by the trace element zinc. Acid-sensitive DEG/ENaCs were found to be expressed in both neurons and non-neuronal tissue, highlighting the likely functional diversity of these channels. Our findings provide a framework to exploit the C. elegans channels as models to study the function of these acid-sensing channels in vivo, as well as to study them as potential targets for anti-helminthic drugs.

physiology↗