Coding region changes in the Hippo pathway component YAP1 contribute to body size differences among mammalian species

Abstract

Animal species differ dramatically in their overall size, yet the mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. The Hippo pathway, first discovered in Drosophila, and widely conserved in mammals, regulates the nuclear levels of YAP1, a transcriptional co-activator that enhances the expression of growth-promoting genes. While experimental manipulations of this pathway elicit dramatic effects on tissue growth and organ size, it is not known whether, and to what extent, evolutionary divergence of this pathway has contributed to size differences across animals. Here we show that although YAP1 protein sequence is highly conserved between diverse mammals such as humans, elephants and blue whales, it diverges considerably among rodent species. While the human YAP1 protein is very similar to that of the largest rodent, the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, those of smaller rodents such as the mouse Mus musculus and the vole Microtus oregoni show considerable divergence. An increased ratio of non-synonymous versus synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) in clades of small rodents compared to the background is indicative of relaxed constraint in these lineages, suggesting relative positive selection. When expressed in the developing Drosophila wing, capybara YAP1 was more potent at promoting growth than that of the mouse or vole. Following transfection into mammalian cells, capybara YAP1 is more effective at promoting expression of a reporter gene than either mouse or vole YAP1. Thus, by combining computational and experimental approaches, we show that evolutionarily divergent coding-region changes in YAP1 have likely contributed to the evolution of smaller body size in clades of rodents.