bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.10.26.760492

Cerebello-basal ganglia networks and behavior across adulthood and aging

Delaney, C.·Herrejon, I.·Magalhaes, T. N. C.·Jackson, T. B.·Hicks, T. H.·Bernard, J. A.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The cerebellum contributes to aging, cognition, and reward related processing, but has been relatively understudied in these domains. The cerebello-basal ganglia (CB-BG) circuit may be key to better understanding how the brain ages. Prior work has implicated this circuit in aging in a small sample, though it is also of interest in age-related neurodegenerative disease, particularly Parkinson's Disease. Here, we investigated the CB-BG network, which has been implicated in modulation of cognitive, motor, and reward-related functions. In a sample of 138 participants between the ages of 35 and 86 we looked at network connectivity in cognitive and motor sub-circuits. Participants completed motor and cognitive testing batteries followed by 26 minutes of resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI). This data was analyzed using the CONN toolbox with an ROI-ROI approach targeting the CB-BG circuit. We replicated the previously mapped cognitive subcircuit and motor subcircuits. When examining connectivity by age group (early and late middle age and older adult hood), we found higher functional connectivity in early middle age compared to older adulthood, with no results related to late middle age. Analysis of connectivity as it relates to performance on the Stroop task showed higher connectivity-behavior associations in early middle-aged adults compared to older adults. We also explored sex differences and found higher functional connectivity in females compared to males. Analysis of steroid hormone levels revealed higher connectivity associated with progesterone in females relative to males. Together, we have replicated motor and cognitive CB-BG subcircuits and further demonstrated that this network has altered connectivity associated with age, sex, progesterone, and cognitive performance. This expanded investigation of CB-BG networks represents an essential new step in increasing our knowledge of age-related cognitive and motor declines and may be particularly relevant for consideration in Parkinson's Disease.

Explore related subjects

neurosciencePreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Delaney, C., Herrejon, I., Magalhaes, T. N. C., Jackson, T. B., Hicks, T. H., Bernard, J. A.. 2026-10-27. Cerebello-basal ganglia networks and behavior across adulthood and aging. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.760492

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Rapid switching of in-phase and anti-phase interhemispheric rhythms within a single theta cycle: a mechanistic explanation

The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) supports memory consolidation and spatial navigation. In vivo recordings of local field potential (LFP) from RSG reveal coexisting gamma (30-80 Hz) and spline (100-160 Hz) oscillations, coupled to distinct phases of the background theta ([~]8 Hz) rhythm. Remarkably, bilateral recordings reveal that gamma and splines exhibit divergent interhemispheric phase relationships: gamma is in-phase across hemispheres, while splines are anti-phase. Here, using numerical bifurcation analysis of next-generation neural mass models, we show that RSG oscillations within a single hemisphere can be understood as alternation of PING (pyramidal-interneuron gamma) and ING (interneuron gamma) mechanisms in an excitatory-inhibitory network. Theta-frequency external drive to the inhibitory population switches the network between these two rhythms. Next, we build canonical interhemispheric circuits, composed of two such excitatory-inhibitory modules, delay-coupled across hemispheres. These circuits switch between in-phase gamma and anti-phase splines within a single theta cycle, reproducing the cross-spectral statistics of experimental RSG recordings. Finally, we present analytical results for threshold-linear neural mass models, showing cross-hemispheric phase patterning is governed by the ratio of cross-hemispheric delay to local inhibitory delay; we obtain explicit ranges of this ratio for which RSG-like patterning could be expected. Our work establishes that the unique oscillatory profile of RSG can be explained parsimoniously by minimal interhemispheric circuit configurations and provides a framework for experimental interrogation of interhemispheric rhythms.

neuroscience↗
bioRxiv2026

Brain representations of visual short-term memories during healthy human aging: occipital decline and frontoparietal compensation

Visual short-term memory declines steeply with age, but the link to neural representations of memory content remains unknown. We used fMRI decoding to relate remembered motion-direction representations in visual and frontoparietal cortex to age and performance, in 115 adults, aged 25-87, from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) cohort. Decoding was strongest in visual cortex, but also significant in frontoparietal regions, with different profiles. Visual representations weakened with memory load and age, and statistically mediated age-related performance decline, especially during recall. This coupling, however, weakened with age: some older adults retained stronger visual representations than performance implied, suggesting impaired access to a partially preserved memory trace. Frontoparietal representations, instead, were largely insensitive to load and strengthened with age during maintenance, partially offsetting performance decline. Therefore, interventions to boost VSTM in older adults might target compensatory frontoparietal representations during memory maintenance, and readout of untapped visual representations at recall.

neuroscience↗
bioRxiv2026

Lexical surprisal drives pupil dilation during continuous story listening

The pupil famously adjusts its dilation in response to light, but its role extends far beyond this basic sensory function. Its fluctuations index arousal and mental effort, beyond luminance-related dynamics, making it a sensitive marker of internal cognitive states. A growing body of work shows that these pupil-linked signals extend beyond the visual domain. However, which processes drive pupil responses in more naturalistic settings remains unclear as most evidence comes from tightly controlled paradigms that strip away the richness of real-world experience. Language offers a uniquely powerful window into this question, as it can allow us to create rich paradigms without having any visual, i.e. luminance, confounds. Moreover, language comprehension hinges on continuous prediction: listeners constantly generate expectations about upcoming input, and the discrepancy between expectation and actual input - contextual prediction error, or surprisal - carries measurable cognitive costs. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pupil-linked arousal indexes these linguistic surprisal signals during naturalistic listening. We recorded pupil responses while volunteers listened to naturalistic spoken stories in darkness, which were either intact or reversed. Reversed speech preserves the acoustics of the signal while destroying its intelligibility. Pupil dilation selectively tracked lexical surprisal within a late window of 1,700 to 2,350 milliseconds following word onset, in forward, but not control, backward speech. These findings indicate that pupil-linked arousal is tuned to global, context-dependent processing, tracking the cognitive cost of updating a predictive model during naturalistic listening.

neuroscience↗