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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.27.754580

MUTALISM BETWEEN Ambystoma maculatum AND Oophila amblystomatis IS DEPENDENT ON LIGHT INTENISTY DURING PHOTOSYNTHETIC GROWTH

PALUMBO, L.·Tattersall, G.·Clotheroe, W. E.·Bates, H.·Moldowan, P. D.·Zavafer, A.
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Abstract

The most studied symbiosis between land vertebrates and algae, is the one between Ambystoma maculatum and Oophila amblystomatis, where the latter colonizes the amphibian''s eggs. Although clear benefit given by algal growth for the salamander embryo has been observed, mutualism is not widely accepted. Mutualistic hypotheses posit benefits from the host to the algae which include protection, N- and C-sources, but no experimental evidence has been obtained. In fact, recent studies suggest that the algae are stressed during this relationship and propose fermentation rather than photosynthesis as main driver for algal growth. In this work, we analyzed embryonic host developmental rate, algal and embryo growth and photosynthetic function of eggs housed at different light intensities. We provide evidence that photosynthetic growth is the main driver for Oophila and that higher algal growth yields faster developmental rate and embryo size. Also, we provide strong evidence that rates of photosynthetic electron transport (and the concomitant O2 evolution) must be higher than those of consumption by the embryo for this symbiosis to be mutualistic. Since photosynthetic rate is dependent on light, this work illustrates the importance of light intensity in this symbiotic relationship.

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PALUMBO, L., Tattersall, G., Clotheroe, W. E., Bates, H., Moldowan, P. D., Zavafer, A.. 2026-09-28. MUTALISM BETWEEN Ambystoma maculatum AND Oophila amblystomatis IS DEPENDENT ON LIGHT INTENISTY DURING PHOTOSYNTHETIC GROWTH. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.27.754580

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