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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.25.754345

biomes: An R package for reproducible occurrence-to-biome classification using 31 global biome schemes

Gross, H. C.·Zizka, A.·Fischer, J.-C.·Walentowitz, A.
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Abstract

Abstract 1. Biomes are continental-scale vegetation units widely used in ecological and evolutionary research, often together with large-scale species-distribution data. Many conceptually distinct biome schemes exist, differing in the underlying definition, delineation methodology and spatial resolution, yet most studies using biomes default to a few readily available schemes rather than choosing the one best suited to the research question. 2. We present biomes, an R package distributing spatially explicit raster layers of 31 published global biome schemes in a harmonised format at a 10 x 10 km resolution, together with metadata and a concise description. To facilitate their use, biomes provides a user-friendly classification workflow to classify occurrence records into specific biomes and a data-driven ranking algorithm to help researchers to choose the most suitable biome scheme for their data and research question in a transparent, reproducible way. 3. The biomes workflow can be applied to any dataset of georeferenced terrestrial occurrences. It (1) accepts either user-provided occurrence records or records downloaded by the package, (2) ranks the schemes according to their fit to the occurrence data, (3) assigns the records to specific biomes, and (4) summarises the resulting taxon-biome patterns. We demonstrate this workflow using 17,030 occurrence records of 185 species of Bombacoideae (Malvaceae). The analysis identified the vegetation-based biome scheme of Ramankutty and Foley (1999) as the best fit and recovered the forest and savanna biome signal known in the group from the literature, with tropical evergreen woodland being the biome with the largest share of records (46.1%) and highest number of species (162 of 185 species; 87.6%). 4. biomes provides user-friendly access to technically standardised and spatially explicit layers of 31 biome schemes, and thereby enables the transparent, data-driven choice of biome schemes tailored to a specific research data and questions, improving the reproducibility and the specificity of biome use across ecological and evolutionary research.

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Gross, H. C., Zizka, A., Fischer, J.-C., Walentowitz, A.. 2026-10-01. biomes: An R package for reproducible occurrence-to-biome classification using 31 global biome schemes. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754345

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