Single neurons in the human substantia nigra encode social learning signals

Davis, A. N.; Perl, O.; Kopell, B. H.; Heflin, M.; Fu, Q. X.; Qasim, S. E.; Imtiaz, Z.; Kato, A.; Na, S.; Mikail, N.; Mayberg, H. S.; Montague, R.; Saez, I.; Gu, X.

doi:10.64898/2026.09.18.752742

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.09.18.752742

Single neurons in the human substantia nigra encode social learning signals

Davis, A. N.·Perl, O.·Kopell, B. H.·Heflin, M.·Fu, Q. X.·Qasim, S. E.·Imtiaz, Z.·Kato, A.·Na, S.·Mikail, N.·Mayberg, H. S.·Montague, R.·Saez, I.·Gu, X.

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Abstract

Humans are remarkable at adapting to changing norms, yet we know little about how the human brain encodes these social signals at the single neuron level. Here, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus in neurosurgical participants as they played an iterative ultimatum game versus human and computer avatars. Using computational modeling of behavior, we found that putative dopaminergic units in the substantia nigra tracked the valence of norm prediction errors, with greater encoding during gameplay with human versus computer avatars. Analogous analyses in the globus pallidus, a nucleus adjacent to the substantia nigra, found no significant effect. Our results identify a novel role for the substantia nigra in encoding social learning signals.

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Davis, A. N., Perl, O., Kopell, B. H., Heflin, M., Fu, Q. X., Qasim, S. E., Imtiaz, Z., Kato, A., Na, S., Mikail, N., Mayberg, H. S., Montague, R., Saez, I., Gu, X.. 2026-09-20. Single neurons in the human substantia nigra encode social learning signals. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752742

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