Open-world fungal ITS embeddings improve higher-rank placement and cross-view retrieval, but percent identity is stronger on a matched ITS2 novelty benchmark

Abstract

1. Learned sequence embeddings are increasingly proposed for fungal ITS classification and novelty detection, but are usually evaluated against weaker versions of themselves or default-configured alignment, by AUROC alone, and with queries treated as independent. We asked whether a purpose-trained encoder outperforms percent identity when both score identical queries under a firewalled open-world design, and which evaluation choices decide the answer. 2. From the UNITE release of 19 February 2025 we built ITS-core, ITS1 and ITS2 views and a genus-separated split with sealed calibration and test partitions. A convolutional encoder trained with genus-proxy, cross-view, hierarchical and episodic objectives was frozen and hash-sealed before test data were opened. We compared it with exhaustive, coverage-filtered VSEARCH identity on the same queries and references using genus-clustered paired intervals, and logged every post-opening correction before computing corrected metrics. 3. Three evaluation choices changed the comparison. Default VSEARCH heuristics returned a lower-identity hit than exhaustive search for 48.3% of benchmark queries; without a coverage filter, identity placed only 64.9% of novel ITS-core queries in the correct class, against 98.7% with it, because the conserved 5.8S let partial alignments win; and the encoder's embeddings depended on inference batching. Once corrected, identity exceeded the encoder in known-genus accuracy and novel-family placement at every view (family 80.0% to 84.6% against 53.8% to 64.8%) and detected more novel genera at a lower false-novelty rate. The encoder's novelty AUROC was within 0.023 of identity's, and no genus-clustered interval excluded zero. Identity's own development-to-test gap exceeded the encoder's, so that gap reflects partition composition rather than selection. Of the genera held out by a historical benchmark, 85% had been present in training; on a leakage-safe version, identity's AUROC advantage was 0.065, with a genus-clustered interval excluding zero. 4. Correctly configured alignment matched or exceeded the learned embedding throughout. The decisive results came from the evaluation, not the representation: baseline configuration, batch invariance, genus-level uncertainty, a parameter-free control for selection and a leakage audit each changed a conclusion, and each is inexpensive to apply to any learned barcode method.