The cell cycle regulates cell-penetrating peptide cytosolic uptake via differential expression of KCNH1 potassium channel

Abstract

Membrane potential fluctuations, driven by ion channel activity, are important regulators of processes such as action potential propagation in neurons and muscle cell contraction. These variations also occur in non-excitable cells, influencing various cellular processes, including, but not limited to, direct translocation of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) into the cytosol. CPPs are cationic peptide vectors that facilitate the delivery of cargos into cells. The efficiency of CPP direct translocation varies significantly within the same cell population, a phenomenon that is not understood mechanistically. In this study, we used an unbiased transcriptomic approach to identify genes involved in efficient CPP cytosolic uptake. This revealed a close correlation between the expression of cell cycle-related genes and the ability of cells to take up CPPs by direct translocation. Monitoring phases of the cell cycle with the PIP-FUCCI system showed that CPP direct translocation was most efficient in the G2/M and S phases and least efficient during the G1 phase. This was correlated with the cells plasma membrane potential: cells in G2/M and S phases being more polarized than cells in the G1 phase. The expression of the KCNH1 voltage-gated potassium channel was found to be highest in the phases of the cell cycle most permissive for CPP direct translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of KCNH potassium channels efficiently blocked CPP direct translocation in these cell cycle phases. These data indicate that KCNH1 controls the cell membrane potential in a cell cycle-dependent manner and consequently the ability of cells to take up CPPs by direct translocation. Our findings highlight the importance of the cell cycle in regulating CPP uptake. Variations in the plasma membrane potential along the cell cycle should be considered in the development of CPP-based therapeutics and their applications.