Effects of aging on semantic and episodic contributions to false memory

Abstract

Healthy older adults are more susceptible to false memories than young adults. Traditional false memory paradigms leverage semantic overlap, shared meaning, to induce false memories, but experiences can also overlap temporally whereby they occur close together in time. Prior work shows that older adults have impaired episodic memory, memory for events within a spatiotemporal context, corresponding to an overall shift toward semantic memory and away from episodic memory across the lifespan. We hypothesize that compared to young adults, older adults rely more heavily on semantic versus episodic information, which promotes false memory. We collected behavioral data in young and older adults performing an old/new recognition memory task in which we manipulated the degree of semantic and temporal overlap between study words and included critical lures, unstudied words that semantically overlap with study words. We find that whereas young and older adults are similarly reliant on semantic relative to episodic information to support false memory, the two age groups differ in their reliance on semantic relative to episodic information to support true memory. These results suggest that differences in the orientation of attention -- toward semantic vs. episodic information -- may underlie age-related memory changes.