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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.08.06.743204

Highly specific mRNA cleavage by the MazF endoribonuclease orchestrates stationary transcriptome remodeling and rapid regrowth in Gram-positive bacteria

Frenkel, R.·Omer Bendori, S.·Borenstein, T.·Tenenbaum, B.·Shalev, S.·Sigal, N.·Li, Y.·Guler, P.·Zarzar, A.·Penades, J. R.·Eldar, A.
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Abstract

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are classically viewed as stress-activated toxic switches. Specifically, ribonucleolytic toxins are thought to indiscriminately cleave RNA to halt cellular growth. We recently showed that the MazF toxin of Bacillus subtilis targets an unusually strict 6bp RNA cleavage sequence, but the implications of this stringent specificity were unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the MazEF system functions as a non-lethal post-transcriptional regulator in B. subtilis. Using a specialized single cell fluorescent reporter and transcriptome profiling, we show that MazF is uniformly activated across the population upon entry into the stationary phase, where it cleaves a narrow mRNA regulon to reshape gene expression. Rather than inhibiting growth, MazF activation tunes down the Spo0A stress response by repressing the mRNA level of its kinases. Reduced stress leads to an adaptive shortening of the lag phase upon nutrient replenishment. Furthermore, MazEFs structural architecture, cleavage specificity, and impact on growth recovery are highly conserved across Gram-positive bacteria. Altogether, our findings redefine a paradigmatic toxin as a precision global mRNA stress regulator that primes cells for rapid regrowth. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/743204v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (29K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1790c77org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@215962org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1734aa4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@296b45_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

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Frenkel, R., Omer Bendori, S., Borenstein, T., Tenenbaum, B., Shalev, S., Sigal, N., Li, Y., Guler, P., Zarzar, A., Penades, J. R., Eldar, A.. 2026-08-06. Highly specific mRNA cleavage by the MazF endoribonuclease orchestrates stationary transcriptome remodeling and rapid regrowth in Gram-positive bacteria. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.06.743204

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