ThermoClock: A Novel Automated Temperature Regulation Device that Can Model Circadian Entrainment and Disruption in 2D and 3D in Vitro Models

Zhang, K. K.; Cutia, C. A.; Moise, C. A.; Kalyanaraman, B.; Chee, C.; Wang, J. J.; Farkas, M.; Karatsoreos, I. N.; Harrington, M.; Huber, M. E.; Kearney, C. J.

doi:10.64898/2026.07.30.741626

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.07.30.741626

ThermoClock: A Novel Automated Temperature Regulation Device that Can Model Circadian Entrainment and Disruption in 2D and 3D in Vitro Models

Zhang, K. K.·Cutia, C. A.·Moise, C. A.·Kalyanaraman, B.·Chee, C.·Wang, J. J.·Farkas, M.·Karatsoreos, I. N.·Harrington, M.·Huber, M. E.·Kearney, C. J.

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Abstract

Circadian rhythms are critical for maintaining homeostasis and regulating physiological functions, and consequentially impact disease progression; yet, they remain largely overlooked in in vitro models used in preclinical research. One major barrier to rigorously testing the role of circadian rhythms in these models is the lack of accessible tools that seamlessly integrate into standard culture setups and are capable of sustainably delivering time cues to cells and tissues in long term experiments. Here, we present the ThermoClock, a low-cost, Arduino-based automated temperature control system capable of delivering independent temperature programs to multiple cultures simultaneously. Using circadian reporter U2OS cell lines (Bmal1:Luc and Per2:Luc), we demonstrated that ThermoClock-driven temperature cycles (36{degrees}C/38.5{degrees}C, 12h:12h) produced significantly higher amplitude entrainment than a programmable incubator delivering identical temperature trajectories, suggesting that the ramp time to setpoint is a critical determinant of entrainment strength. We further applied ThermoClock to skin explants from keratinocyte-specific Dbp:Luc reporter mice, showing that circadian temperature cycles (T24: 12h:12h and T25: 12.5h:12.5h) extended synchronized circadian rhythms ex vivo, while a shortened T-cycle (T20: 10h:10h) induced rhythm disruptions. We also observed reduced cell migration in T20 temperature-entrained explants wounded ex vivo, closely recapitulating attenuated wound healing observed in T20 light-cycle-disrupted mice in vivo. Finally, we show that wounding can act as a phase-resetting cue but its efficacy depends on pre-injury entrainment state, with circadian entrained tissues (T25) resisting reset, while disrupted (T20) and unentrained tissues showed resetting sensitivity. These findings establish ThermoClock as a versatile platform for incorporating circadian regulation and, for the first time, disruption into 2D and 3D in vitro systems and demonstrate that peripheral clock disruption and its functional consequences can be modeled ex vivo.

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Zhang, K. K., Cutia, C. A., Moise, C. A., Kalyanaraman, B., Chee, C., Wang, J. J., Farkas, M., Karatsoreos, I. N., Harrington, M., Huber, M. E., Kearney, C. J.. 2026-07-31. ThermoClock: A Novel Automated Temperature Regulation Device that Can Model Circadian Entrainment and Disruption in 2D and 3D in Vitro Models. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.30.741626

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