The solid tumor microenvironment changes the hierarchy of CD155 and CD112 receptors, shaping checkpoint blockade outcome

Carannante, V.; Olofsson, K.; Zhang, H.; Sandström, N.; Fontana, J.; Toullec, D.; Turyasingura, G.; Hell, B.; Wagner, A. K.; Sandoz, P. A.; Van Ooijen, H.; Lundqvist, A.; Viklund, M.; Önfelt, B.

doi:10.64898/2026.07.29.741502

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.07.29.741502

The solid tumor microenvironment changes the hierarchy of CD155 and CD112 receptors, shaping checkpoint blockade outcome

Carannante, V.·Olofsson, K.·Zhang, H.·Sandström, N.·Fontana, J.·Toullec, D.·Turyasingura, G.·Hell, B.·Wagner, A. K.·Sandoz, P. A.·Van Ooijen, H.·Lundqvist, A.·Viklund, M.·Önfelt, B.

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Abstract

Reproducing a physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment in vitro is essential for developing effective immunotherapeutic treatments. By integrating the use of combinatorial receptor blockade and organoid models we provide a deep functional understanding of CD155 and CD112 receptors in solid tumors and their impact on cellular immunotherapy and infiltration. CD226 showed plasticity in response to the environment, being able to switch between CD155 and CD112 depending on the ligand availability. In addition, CD226 drove NK cell infiltration into tumor tissues via CD155 and CD112 ligation, with CD226-CD112 interaction specifically promoting migration from the periphery to the core. Downregulation of CD155 and TIGIT induced by the tumor microenvironment and previous drug exposure reduced the long-term efficacy of TIGIT blockade. Taken together, our findings point towards using CD112R blockade in primary tumors to simultaneously enhance NK cell killing activity and promote infiltration into the tumor core via CD226 and CD112 interaction. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYTumors shape the hierarchy of CD155-CD112 receptors, reducing TIGIT blockade efficacy, while CD226 drives NK infiltration and shows binding plasticity

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Carannante, V., Olofsson, K., Zhang, H., Sandström, N., Fontana, J., Toullec, D., Turyasingura, G., Hell, B., Wagner, A. K., Sandoz, P. A., Van Ooijen, H., Lundqvist, A., Viklund, M., Önfelt, B.. 2026-08-02. The solid tumor microenvironment changes the hierarchy of CD155 and CD112 receptors, shaping checkpoint blockade outcome. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.29.741502

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