Trichomonas vaginalis targets Lactobacillus jensenii via pseudopodia-independent phagocytosis and secreted lysozyme TvGH25

Zimmann, N.; Havelka, M.; Zdrha, A.; Prochazkova, J.; Smutna, T.; Rada, P.; Verner, Z.; Hart, A.; Sharma, J.; Biboy, J.; Vollmer, D.; Vollmer, W.; Tachezy, J.

doi:10.64898/2026.07.07.735988

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.07.07.735988

Trichomonas vaginalis targets Lactobacillus jensenii via pseudopodia-independent phagocytosis and secreted lysozyme TvGH25

Zimmann, N.·Havelka, M.·Zdrha, A.·Prochazkova, J.·Smutna, T.·Rada, P.·Verner, Z.·Hart, A.·Sharma, J.·Biboy, J.·Vollmer, D.·Vollmer, W.·Tachezy, J.

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Abstract

A low abundance or absence of protective lactobacilli during acute trichomoniasis is a well-known phenomenon that is associated with T. vaginalis (TV) infection. However, a crucial question that remains unanswered is whether alterations in the lactobacilli population precede TV infection or whether the parasite plays an active role in lactobacilli disappearance. Our findings showed that TV efficiently phagocytosed one of the dominant Lactobacillus species L. jensenii (LJ). Phagocytosis proceeds via a pseudopodia-independent mechanism reminiscent of sinking with a preference for viable cells. The presence of viable LJ leads to an increase in secretion of 27 TV proteins, including TvGH25 lysozyme. This enzyme cleaves peptidoglycan, a major component of the bacterial cell wall. TV overexpressing TvGH25 effectively lowers the bacterial cell count, evidencing the enzymes antimicrobial potential. These data support the notion that TV cells can suppress the Lactobacillus population through a combination of targeted secretory response and phagocytic activity, revealing novel potential targets for developing alternative therapeutic strategies against trichomoniasis. Significance StatementTrichomonas vaginalis (TV) is a sexually transmitted parasite that causes trichomoniasis and is connected to the disruption of the healthy vaginal microbiome, dominated by Lactobacillus species. However, the nature of the interactions between TV and Lactobacillus is poorly understood. In this study, we show that TV uses an unusual form of pseudopodia-independent phagocytosis to engulf L. jensenii alongside a targeted secretory response to the bacterial encounter, involving TvGH25 lysozyme. We found that TV acquired this enzyme by lateral gene transfer from bacteria and repurposed it against bacteria to degrade the major bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. TvGH25 thus represents an effective component of TVs antibacterial arsenal. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanistic disruption of the protective Lactobacillus microbiota.

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Zimmann, N., Havelka, M., Zdrha, A., Prochazkova, J., Smutna, T., Rada, P., Verner, Z., Hart, A., Sharma, J., Biboy, J., Vollmer, D., Vollmer, W., Tachezy, J.. 2026-07-07. Trichomonas vaginalis targets Lactobacillus jensenii via pseudopodia-independent phagocytosis and secreted lysozyme TvGH25. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.07.735988

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