Resonance-driven enhancement of sleep spindles using thalamic temporal interference stimulation

Navas Zuloaga, M. G.; Raufeisen, T.; Okyere, P.; Neufeld, E.; Kuster, N.; Dijk, D.-J.; Violante, I. R.; Bazhenov, M.; Bartsch, U.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.728879

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.29.728879

Resonance-driven enhancement of sleep spindles using thalamic temporal interference stimulation

Navas Zuloaga, M. G.·Raufeisen, T.·Okyere, P.·Neufeld, E.·Kuster, N.·Dijk, D.-J.·Violante, I. R.·Bazhenov, M.·Bartsch, U.

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Abstract

Sleep spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement sleep and support memory consolidation yet remain difficult to modulate non-invasively. Combining computational modeling and human sleep recordings, we show that thalamus-targeted temporal interference stimulation (TIS) with a 5Hz envelope increases spindle density via subthreshold resonance in thalamocortical relay neurons. Our results demonstrate a mechanistic framework for the rational design of interventions to selectively augment sleep spindles.

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Navas Zuloaga, M. G., Raufeisen, T., Okyere, P., Neufeld, E., Kuster, N., Dijk, D.-J., Violante, I. R., Bazhenov, M., Bartsch, U.. 2026-06-02. Resonance-driven enhancement of sleep spindles using thalamic temporal interference stimulation. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.29.728879

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