Extracellular vesicles from Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): tailored isolation from hemolymph and insights into water-derived vesicles

Moccia, V.; Dalla Rovere, g.; Minh, T. T.; Zendrini, A.; Kleinjan, M.; Roelofs, M.; Berto, P.; Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, T.; Zaal, E. A.; Bergese, P.; Radeghieri, A.; Milan, M.; Wauben, M. H. M.; Zappulli, V.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.727857

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.29.727857

Extracellular vesicles from Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): tailored isolation from hemolymph and insights into water-derived vesicles

Moccia, V.·Dalla Rovere, g.·Minh, T. T.·Zendrini, A.·Kleinjan, M.·Roelofs, M.·Berto, P.·Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, T.·Zaal, E. A.·Bergese, P.·Radeghieri, A.·Milan, M.·Wauben, M. H. M.·Zappulli, V.

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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionarily conserved mediators of intercellular communication released by cells into biological fluids and the extracellular environment. Despite their growing relevance in biomedical and veterinary research, knowledge on EVs in marine bivalves remains limited. The aim of this study was to optimize tailored protocols for EV isolation from the hemolymph of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) based on density gradient ultracentrifugation (dgUC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC). EV-enriched fractions were identified through nanoparticle tracking analysis, protein quantification, transmission electron microscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy. Both methods successfully isolated small EVs (<200 nm). While dgUC yielded higher-purity preparations, SEC provided a higher recovery rate and compatibility with downstream metabolomic analyses. Metabolomics performed on SEC fractions and on hemolymph, revealed that EV-enriched fractions possessed a distinct metabolic signature including enrichment in metabolites associated with nucleotide metabolism, glycolysis, redox regulation, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we performed a pilot investigation into the presence of EVs released into conditioned water by Manila clams. Using tangential flow filtration and ultrafiltration, EVs were successfully concentrated from water samples and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, CONAN assay, atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isolating EVs both from Manila clam hemolymph and from conditioned water, providing the first evidence of water-derived EV recovery in aquatic animals. Although further methodological refinement is needed to improve the purity of EVs isolated from water, and additional characterization studies are required to better define the molecular composition of clam-derived EVs, these results establish a foundation for future investigations into the role of EVs in bivalve biology and their potential application as minimally invasive biomarkers for aquaculture, environmental monitoring, and ecosystem health assessment.

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Moccia, V., Dalla Rovere, g., Minh, T. T., Zendrini, A., Kleinjan, M., Roelofs, M., Berto, P., Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, T., Zaal, E. A., Bergese, P., Radeghieri, A., Milan, M., Wauben, M. H. M., Zappulli, V.. 2026-06-01. Extracellular vesicles from Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): tailored isolation from hemolymph and insights into water-derived vesicles. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.29.727857

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