Detecting genomic regions enriched for reciprocal recombination in autism spectrum disorder

Abstract

Meiotic recombination is an important means of increasing genetic diversity by generating novel haplotypes in a population. Recombination separates linked loci extremely slowly in some regions, therefore genetic variants in high linkage disequilibrium may become co-adapted. Reciprocal recombination that separates co-adapted variants may generate a deleterious de novo haplotype that contributes to disease. We developed statistical methods to detect genomic regions of recombination excess in two different family-based study designs. We identified recombination in the Simons Simplex Collection in 273 simplex families with one child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and at least two unaffected children, in which recombinations can be mapped to the proband and contrasted with the recombination counts in unaffected siblings; and in 1,802 families with two children, where the number of recombinations identified can be contrasted with the expectation from a reference recombination map. Both strategies revealed a tail of low p-values for loci of interest that contrasted with the rest of the distribution. Permutation and bootstrap tests did not identify genome-wide primary findings in either cohort, but the most significant three-child cohort locus of recombination excess (between cadherin genes CDH4 and CDH26) replicated in the two-child cohort (p=0.01). While this replication strategy was not defined a priori, five of the most recombination enriched bins identified candidate ASD genes (p=0.02; WWOX, ADAMTS16, INSR, ADARB2, and HS6ST1). Since the six identified loci were not identified as regions of high de novo copy number variation in the study cohort and no CNVs were detected in any of the recombinant probands in the identified regions, they represent candidates for reciprocal recombinations generating unfavourable haplotypes for these genes. This study highlights a previously unidentified source of clinical genetic variability contributing to the molecular aetiology of ASD. AUTHOR SUMMARYAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a constellation of neurodevelopmental disabilities characterised by deficits in social communication and repetitive patterns of behaviour. While ASD is highly heritable, its genetic basis is complex and poorly understood. While some highly penetrant types of genetic variation have been identified, most people with ASD carry a large number of variants that each contribute a small amount to their overall phenotype. In addition to mutations in individual genes, changes in the configuration of genes along a chromosome may contribute to ASD. Here, we describe a method for identifying regions where such new configurations have occurred through recombination and attempt to find regions where such changes are more common in autistic children than in their non-autistic siblings. We explore recombination as a source of genetic variation contributing to autism, which has potential to inform clinicians in providing services to autistic people and their families.