Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2 in three animal models

Turner, S. A.; Olivier, J.; Ellis, M. L.; Floyd, K. A.; Lai, L.; Scheaffer, S. M.; Hastings, I.; Darling, T. L.; Miller, B. A.; Patel, C. J.; Peck, H.; Vanover, D.; Santangelo, P. J.; Diamond, M. S.; Suthar, M. S.; Boon, A. C. M.; Smith, D. J.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.24.727525

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.24.727525

Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2 in three animal models

Turner, S. A.·Olivier, J.·Ellis, M. L.·Floyd, K. A.·Lai, L.·Scheaffer, S. M.·Hastings, I.·Darling, T. L.·Miller, B. A.·Patel, C. J.·Peck, H.·Vanover, D.·Santangelo, P. J.·Diamond, M. S.·Suthar, M. S.·Boon, A. C. M.·Smith, D. J.

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Abstract

BA.3.2, a variant of SARS-CoV-2 containing [~]40 mutations in its spike protein compared to its nearest ancestor, has spread globally since its first detection in South Africa in November 2024. Here, we report antigenic characterization of BA.3.2 viruses in three naive animal models, and visualize its antigenic phenotype in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution using antigenic cartography. We find that: (1) BA.3.2 is substantially antigenically divergent from existing SARS-CoV-2 variants; (2) infection with BA.3.2 in hamster and mouse animal models produces sera with lower homologous titer than infection with other variants. Both of these results may have implications for the selection of vaccine antigens.

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Turner, S. A., Olivier, J., Ellis, M. L., Floyd, K. A., Lai, L., Scheaffer, S. M., Hastings, I., Darling, T. L., Miller, B. A., Patel, C. J., Peck, H., Vanover, D., Santangelo, P. J., Diamond, M. S., Suthar, M. S., Boon, A. C. M., Smith, D. J.. 2026-05-26. Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2 in three animal models. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.24.727525

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