Trait dissimilarity-based tree species loss affects tree diversity effects on herbivory

Abstract

O_LIBiodiversity loss can alter interactions not only through changes in tree species richness, but also through the loss of particular functional strategies from ecological communities. Working in a subtropical forest diversity experiment we asked whether tree species richness effects on arthropod herbivory and leaf pathogen infestation depend on community functional diversity, and whether trait dissimilarity-based, non-random species loss alters these relationships compared to random loss. To address this, we combined already established planted scenarios with newly constructed extinction pathways. C_LIO_LIWe tested the responses of herbivory and leaf pathogen infestation (i) to tree species richness, functional diversity (Raos Q), community structure and resource strategies (i.e. ever-greenness) and community-weighted trait means as well as predation, and (ii) trait dissimilarity-based extinction pathway analyses that contrasted directed loss of functionally similar versus functionally distinct tree species. C_LIO_LIHerbivory increased with tree species richness and this increase was significantly stronger in communities with higher tree functional diversity. Under directed species loss scenarios, herbivory differed most strongly from random-loss expectations when similar tree species were lost first. By contrast, losing functionally distinct species first produced richness effects that were much closer to the random-loss scenarios. Trait-based species loss will therefore modify trophic interactions more strongly than random loss. For pathogen infestation tree richness effects depended on evergreenness and among planted extinction scenarios (three-way interaction), with only minor deviations of trait-based extinction path-ways from random-loss expectations. Pathogen infestation also tended to increase with community-weighted mean leaf nitrogen. Predation showed no clear relationship with tree species richness or functional diversity but was positively associated with herbivory. The strength of this association differed among extinction scenarios, providing no evidence for consistent top-down regulation. C_LI SynthesisThe ecological consequences of biodiversity loss for leaf damage depend on which functional strategies are lost, not only on how many tree species remain. By integrating ob-served tree diversity gradients with trait-based extinction pathways, this study shows that functional diversity and host redundancy help explain why herbivores and pathogens are shaped by the same changes in tree diversity through different functional constraints and im-prove predictions of interaction strength under non-random species loss.