Human cytomegalovirus virion delivered UL14 is a viral tropism factor for epithelial cells

Abstract

Infection with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can result in a significant burden of disease in those that are immunocompromised or immunonaive. HCMV encodes a repertoire of glycoproteins that facilitate its extensive viral tropism, some of which remain to be characterized. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or cure for HCMV, therefore emphasizing the need to identify viral proteins of critical function. UL14 was selected as an open reading frame of interest due to its high scoring on an in-silico prediction algorithm, as well as its conservation amongst CMVs. Our goal was to elucidate the function of this uncharacterized viral open reading frame. We hypothesized that UL14 functions in the establishment of infection in epithelial cells, due to its predicted structural similarity to UL141. This study demonstrates that HCMV UL14 is a glycosylated viral protein packaged with the virion. Importantly, the deletion of UL14 resulted in a significant reduction of viral growth in epithelial cells, whereas no growth defect was observed in fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we found this defect to be a result of post entry, pre-IE transcription in the establishment of infection, consistent with a defect endosomal escape. Taken together, our results suggest that UL14 functions in the establishment of infection in an epithelial cell-specific manner and may be a novel target for future vaccines or antiviral therapies. Author SummaryHCMV is found in a wide variety of human cells during the course of viral infection. As such, HCMV encodes several glycoprotein complexes that dictate tropism. In this work we report the identification of a novel glycoprotein, UL14, that is involved in establishing productive infections of epithelial cells, a common site of HCMV induced disease. We report that deletion of UL14 from the viral genome impacts its ability to infect ARPE19 cells at a stage indicative of viral events post viral entry but prior to viral transcriptional activation. Further, trans complementation of UL14 by expansion of mutant virus in cells expressing the viral glycoprotein, restore viral infectivity suggesting that UL14 mediates events early in viral infection. Importantly, the characterization of this viral envelope protein provides key insights into viral tropism and identifies a novel target for vaccine design and antiviral therapies.