bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.17.725798

TRMT6/61A-mediated m1A methylation facilitates human pre-tRNA maturation and prevents surveillance by XRN2

Liu, X.·Nguyen, N. Y. T.·Johnston, A. G.·Skeparnias, I.·Anam, M.·Marlow, K.·Rehman, N.·Kellum, A. H.·Wang, Y.·Zhang, J.·Su, Z.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are dynamically regulated by RNA modifications. The conserved TRMT6/61A catalyzes m1A (N1-methyladenosine) deposition at position 58. While TRMT6/61A dysregulation is linked to human diseases, its downstream processing consequences and molecular surveillance mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that TRMT6/61A installs m1 A on precursor tRNAs prior to processing. Utilizing a dTAG rapid depletion system, we show that acute loss of TRMT6/61A swiftly reprograms the human tRNAome. Although elongator tRNA fluctuations are buffered by isodecoder redundancy, hypomethylated tRNAiMet is selectively and rapidly degraded by the exoribonuclease XRN2, reducing global protein synthesis and activating ATF4 expression. Furthermore, m1A58 is a prerequisite for tRNA end processing; its absence leads to the aberrant accumulation of unprocessed pre-tRNAs and disrupted tRNA-derived fragment (tRF) populations. Mechanistically, TRMT6/61A facilitates in vitro RNase Z cleavage, likely by promoting proper pre-tRNA folding. Lastly, XRN2 inhibition rescues tRNAiMet levels and reverses growth defects, identifying the XRN2-mediated surveillance of tRNAiMet as a primary driver of the cellular pathology. Collectively, our results uncover a pivotal role for TRMT6/61A-dependent m1A in human tRNA maturation and define the molecular checkpoints essential for translational homeostasis.

Explore related subjects

geneticsPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Liu, X., Nguyen, N. Y. T., Johnston, A. G., Skeparnias, I., Anam, M., Marlow, K., Rehman, N., Kellum, A. H., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Su, Z.. 2026-05-19. TRMT6/61A-mediated m1A methylation facilitates human pre-tRNA maturation and prevents surveillance by XRN2. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.17.725798

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Generation of a transgenic cephalopod

Coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are marine mollusks with elaborate nervous systems that support a diverse repertoire of complex behaviors. These include the neural control of the color, pattern, and texture of the skin, facilitating both adaptive camouflage and innate patterning that may reflect internal state. The development of transgenic cephalopods expressing fluorescent proteins, optogenetic actuators, and reporters of neural activity would contribute a new and important technology to cephalopod biology. The generation of transgenic cephalopods, however, has remained a major challenge. Here, we report the development of stable transgenic dwarf cuttlefish (Ascarosepion bandense) expressing ubiquitous nuclear-localized mScarlet, a red fluorescent protein. We evaluated multiple strategies for transgenesis, and established cuttlefish lines using both CRISPR and the transposons Sleeping Beauty and Minos. The stable expression of transgenes enabled live imaging of cell dynamics during embryonic development. The Minos transposon emerged as the most efficient transgenesis strategy and is adaptable to promoters and transgenes of choice. These strategies now enable the generation of diverse genetic tools for mechanistic studies of cephalopod biology.

genetics↗
bioRxiv2026

Large language model-based bibliometric evaluation of population descriptors in human genetics

As the use of population descriptors such as race, ethnicity, and ancestry have become increasingly common in modern genetics research, there have been growing calls to critically examine their use. Most notably, in 2023, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) published a report titled Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field, which included eight specific and actionable recommendations for researchers to implement the ethical and accurate use of population descriptors in genetic research. Here, we use the 2023 NASEM report as a benchmark to analyze the use of population descriptors in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We develop a general toolkit for large language model-based bibliometrics, operationalize the report's recommendations into an evaluation framework, and apply this framework to evaluate all 4,007 papers from the GWAS Catalog published between 2007 and 2025 with full text available on PubMedCentral. We find significant improvements in adherence to NASEM report recommendations over time. However, most improvements predate the publication of the NASEM report itself, suggesting the report functioned primarily as a synthesis of existing best practices rather than a catalyst for change. We conclude by highlighting opportunities for growth in the field of human genetics.

genetics↗
bioRxiv2026

Mitigating biases of rescaling in forward-in-time population genetic simulations

Forward-in-time population genetic simulations are widely used in evolutionary analyses, but simulating large populations and long genomic regions remains computationally demanding. To reduce this cost, parameter rescaling is widely employed, in which the original evolutionary process is approximated by one with a smaller population size and fewer generations. Recently, several studies using the SLiM simulator have raised concerns about the accuracy of this rescaling approach. In this study, we show that many of the biases reported in these studies can be mitigated by using a different simulation algorithm. These results reveal that the accuracy of parameter rescaling depends on how well the simulation algorithm preserves diffusion-limit properties under rescaling.

genetics↗