Nerve growth factor receptor identifies a basal subpopulation linked to poor prognosis and reduced immunotherapy responses in bladder cancer

Garcia-Agullo, J.; Santos, V.; Kalisz, M.; Marques, M.; Andrada, E.; Berca, C.; Martinez de Villarreal, J.; Perez-Martinez, M.; Eckstein, M.; Benitez, R.; Caleiras, E.; Malats, N.; Real, F. X.; Peinado, H.

doi:10.64898/2026.05.14.725085

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.14.725085

Nerve growth factor receptor identifies a basal subpopulation linked to poor prognosis and reduced immunotherapy responses in bladder cancer

Garcia-Agullo, J.·Santos, V.·Kalisz, M.·Marques, M.·Andrada, E.·Berca, C.·Martinez de Villarreal, J.·Perez-Martinez, M.·Eckstein, M.·Benitez, R.·Caleiras, E.·Malats, N.·Real, F. X.·Peinado, H.

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Abstract

PurposeBladder cancer (BLCA) is a heterogeneous tumor type. Only one third of muscle-invasive (MIBC) patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Reliable resistance markers are needed to guide clinical decisions. We investigated the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) in BLCA and analyzed its correlation with disease progression and response to immunotherapy. Experimental DesignWe analyzed NGFR expression in BLCA cell lines, organoids, mouse models and patient samples. The cohorts used were The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), enriched in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) (n=407); IMvigor210, representing MIBC patients treated with ICIs (n=348); and UROMOL2, as a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)-specific cohort (n=535). IMvigor010 was also included (n=728). Patients were stratified by NGFR expression quartiles. We analyzed survival and tumor subtypes and performed stromal deconvolution and functional profiling. We assessed stemness- and invasion-related features in SCaBER cells. ResultsNGFR marks a basal tumor cell subcluster and is independently associated with poor prognosis in TCGA and IMvigor210. NGFR-high tumors show stromal content enriched in cancer-associated fibroblasts, lower neoantigen burden, higher CD8+ T effector signature together with an immune-excluded phenotype, and a CAF-specific TGF{beta} signature. In the immunotherapy-treated cohort, high NGFR expression was also associated with poorer outcome. Functionally, NGFR appears to promote a stem-like/pro-invasive program in BLCA cells. ConclusionsNGFR identifies a basal-like BLCA subpopulation linked to poor survival, while its association with immunotherapy response requires further validation. In addition, our in vitro analyses support a role of NGFR in stem-like and invasive traits, highlighting its relevance as a biomarker in BLCA.

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Garcia-Agullo, J., Santos, V., Kalisz, M., Marques, M., Andrada, E., Berca, C., Martinez de Villarreal, J., Perez-Martinez, M., Eckstein, M., Benitez, R., Caleiras, E., Malats, N., Real, F. X., Peinado, H.. 2026-05-18. Nerve growth factor receptor identifies a basal subpopulation linked to poor prognosis and reduced immunotherapy responses in bladder cancer. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.14.725085

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