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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.11.724360

Rotating Letters in the Mind's Eye: Behavioral and electro-cortical associations with 3D Mental-Rotation Ability

Khan, R.·Bekiari, S.·Hierck, B.·Salvatori, D.·Kenemans, L.
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Abstract

Mental rotation in 3D is a key cognitive skill involving dynamic spatial transformations, for which pronounced individual differences have been documented. Here we ask whether individual differences in 3D abilities can be explained by analogous differences in 2D abilities. 3D mental-rotation was assessed by the Vandenberg & Kruse Mental Rotation Test (3D-MRT) and examined for association with performance and underlying electrocortical mechanisms during a 2D letter rotation task. Participants (N=40) first completed the MRT and then performed a computerized 2-D letter rotation task in which they had to identify whether letters were oriented in a standard or a mirrored direction (parity judgment) when rotated at 0{degrees}, 60{degrees}, 120{degrees}, and 180{degrees} while EEG was recorded. Reaction times (RTs) and error rates increased with angular disparity. The angular disparity effect on RT was smaller for mirrored letters. Low, relative to high, 3D-MRT scoring participants showed more pronounced accuracy declines at higher rotation angles. An EEG Event Related Potential (ERP) known as the Rotation-Related Negativity (RRN) became more pronounced with increasing angular disparity. High 3D-MRT scores were associated with a stronger RRN response at central-parietal sites. In addition, the ERP-P3b wave was more pronounced at central-parietal sites for low 3D-MRT scorers, independent of angular disparity. It is concluded that 3D rotational ability is positively associated with 2D mental rotation performance, and more strongly with enhanced recruitment of neural visual-spatial cortical representations than with enhanced recruitment of more general cognitive resources.

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Khan, R., Bekiari, S., Hierck, B., Salvatori, D., Kenemans, L.. 2026-05-14. Rotating Letters in the Mind's Eye: Behavioral and electro-cortical associations with 3D Mental-Rotation Ability. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.11.724360

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