Causally validated phase-amplitude coupling enables high-fidelity motor decoding for next-generation brain-computer interfaces

Abstract

Modern Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) face a fundamental performance plateau due to their reliance on broad spectral power reduction (Event-Related Desynchronization, ERD) as the primary decoding feature. ERD acts as a coarse metabolic proxy for cortical activation, discarding the high-frequency temporal syntax necessary for high-dimensional motor control. Here, we demonstrate that Phase-Amplitude Coupling (PAC)--specifically, the phase-locking of high-gamma (70-150 Hz) firing to residual Beta oscillations--provides a high-fidelity temporal feature for decoding motor intent. Using high-density electrocorticography (HD-ECoG) during motor imagery, we show that incorporating Beta-PAC into machine-learning classifiers (LDA/SVM) significantly outperforms traditional power-based features. To definitively validate the causal robustness of this feature against mathematically-derived artifacts, we leveraged a rare in vivo human structural lesion model. In a patient with focal tumor infiltration of the motor tract, the metabolic gate (ERD) was preserved, yet structural uncoupling completely abolished Beta-PAC, collapsing network topology and reducing single-trial decoding accuracy to chance levels. Our findings causally validate Beta-PAC as a robust, independent control signal, establishing a physiological foundation for next-generation, phase-dependent neuroprostheses.