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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.05.06.723271

3D cortical microtissue with innate microglia for studying real-time cell behavior across maturation and inflammatory response

Del Toro, A.·Aguilar, K.·Clark, A.·Bautista, A.·Ashby, N.·Hoffman-Kim, D.
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Abstract

Microglia represent the immune component of the central nervous system (CNS) that displays dynamic responses to injury and disease. Across the developing and mature CNS, microglia emerge as immunocompetent cells that continuously survey their surroundings to maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to threats. There remains a gap in 3D in vitro models that contain microglia and can provide both developmental and mature functional hallmarks. Using a 3D neural multicellular model, cortical microtissues, derived from primary rat cortical cells, we conducted live imaging to monitor microglia dynamics from early, middle, and late stage microtissue maturation. We optimized a within-micromold imaging approach that allows for live microglia imaging without removing microtissues from their culturing environment. We confirm that microglia exhibit baseline surveillance characterized by relatively stationary somas and highly dynamic cell processes that continuously extend and retract. Following proinflammatory challenges, microglia engulf lipopolysaccharide particles, accompanied by dynamic shifts in motility patterns; and rapidly respond to laser-induced tissue damage through process extension, whole-cell displacement, and local recruitment. Lastly, we show that microtissue age in culture strongly influences both baseline and directed motility profiles. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that within a 3D microenvironment, microglia exhibit pronounced changes in morphology, surveillance area, motility, and injury response across microtissue maturation. Microtissues can serve as a valuable in vitro platform for both microglia developmental studies and investigations of brain inflammation related to CNS injuries, infections, and diseases.

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Del Toro, A., Aguilar, K., Clark, A., Bautista, A., Ashby, N., Hoffman-Kim, D.. 2026-05-11. 3D cortical microtissue with innate microglia for studying real-time cell behavior across maturation and inflammatory response. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.06.723271

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