The lipid raft marker flotillin FloA drives relocalization of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase PmaA as a protective response to calcium stress

Abstract

Biological membranes are laterally heterogeneous and contain specialized microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts serve as organizational platforms that cluster signaling molecules or modulate membrane protein conformation through their unique lipid environment. There are specific lipid raft marker proteins whose functions remain obscure. One of these proteins is flotillin which has been linked to endocytosis. Here, we investigated the regulation and function of FloA, the sole flotillin homolog in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. FloA expression is specifically upregulated in response to calcium stress, which is a regulatory pattern also conserved in Aspergillus fumigatus. Whereas in A. fumigatus floA is regulated by the calcium regulatory protein CrzA, this is not the case in A. nidulans. BioID proximity labeling revealed that A. nidulans FloA physically interacts with proteins in the endocytic pathway as well as another lipid raft marker, the plasma membrane H+-ATPase PmaA. Under calcium stress, PmaA undergoes internalization from the cytoplasmic membrane. However, when floA is deleted, PmaA internalization is prevented, resulting in cell death. Together, we demonstrate that FloA is essential for the internalization of PmaA during calcium stress, a process that prevents intracellular calcium overload and promotes cell viability. Our results also provide further evidence for flotillin-assisted endocytosis. Author abstractLipids and proteins in a cell membrane can cluster together in small regions often called "lipid rafts", which help the cell interact with its surroundings. Lipid rafts can bring receptors together or influence how membrane proteins behave. Flotillin is a protein which is often found within lipid rafts, but its exact role is not well understood. Instead of using complex mammalian systems, we studied flotillins in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, which is a simpler model organism that allows for a better understanding of cellular processes. We found that more flotillins are produced when the fungus is exposed to calcium stress. When flotillins were missing, the cells were unable to remove the protein PmaA from the cell membrane during calcium stress. As a result, the fungus could not cope with the calcium stress and eventually died. Therefore, we propose that flotillins are important for the fungus to reorganize its membranes and coping with calcium stress.