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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.04.24.720491

Observation-Related Activity in Human Motor Cortex Increases with Effector Anthropomorphicity

Gusman, J. T.·Beckman, Z. C.·Singer-Clark, T. S.·Paulk, A. C.·Kapitonava, A.·Hosman, T.·Allcroft, S.·Acosta, A. J.·Nicolas, C.·Rubin, D. B.·Donoghue, J. P.·Vargas-Irwin, C. E.·Hochberg, L. R.
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Abstract

Neurons in motor cortex can be engaged not only in motor execution but also during observation of movements performed by other anthropomorphic agents (i.e. humans or monkeys). However, it is unknown how motor cortical neurons respond during observation of the range of assistive or prosthetic devices controlled by people using intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs). We recorded single-unit activity in the precentral gyrus while iBCI users viewed grasp-like movements performed by a spectrum of virtual effectors that included human, robotic, and hand-like dot stimuli. We found a relationship between neural modulation and effector anthropomorphicity (i.e. human-likeness) that existed on an ensemble-wide and individual neuron level, suggesting that human motor cortex activity incrementally increases in response to the visually observed agents human-likeness. Both solicited and spontaneous feedback from the participant indicated a relationship between neural activity and subjective assessments of anthropomorphicity, revealing a powerful contribution of context on observation-induced activity in motor cortex. The activity of motor cortex remained similar during attempted hand movements while different effectors were being observed, suggesting that intuitive external device control via iBCIs may not be overtly affected by the anthropomorphicity of the effector. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe tendency for neurons in motor cortex to respond during movement observation has been proposed to underlie cognitive processes from motor learning and language development to empathy and theory of mind. Understanding how the motor cortex is engaged during observation of abstract and anthropomorphic agents informs our understanding of these processes and may guide development of neural prostheses which harness the activity of motor cortical neurons to restore lost neurologic function. Here we provide unique neuron-level evidence that human motor cortex activity is gradually modulated by how human-like an observed agent appears and moves. This finding advances our interpretation of "mirror" activity in the brain and could help guide the design of brain-controlled prostheses used by people with tetraplegia.

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Gusman, J. T., Beckman, Z. C., Singer-Clark, T. S., Paulk, A. C., Kapitonava, A., Hosman, T., Allcroft, S., Acosta, A. J., Nicolas, C., Rubin, D. B., Donoghue, J. P., Vargas-Irwin, C. E., Hochberg, L. R.. 2026-04-28. Observation-Related Activity in Human Motor Cortex Increases with Effector Anthropomorphicity. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.24.720491

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