Defined Mars Media (DMM), a chemically defined simulant of the soluble macro- and micro- nutrients in Mars regolith for use in biological research

Greene, H.; Nattermann, U.; Stork, D. A.; Martin, F. R.; Schubert, M. G.; Pedersen, T.; Sukarto, E.; Spens, A.; Mancuso, J. E.; Isaev, K.; Hicks, N. D.; Liu, J.; Harris, R.; Cockell, C. S.; Kounaves, S. P.; DeBenedictis, E. A.

doi:10.64898/2026.04.24.719001

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.04.24.719001

Defined Mars Media (DMM), a chemically defined simulant of the soluble macro- and micro- nutrients in Mars regolith for use in biological research

Greene, H.·Nattermann, U.·Stork, D. A.·Martin, F. R.·Schubert, M. G.·Pedersen, T.·Sukarto, E.·Spens, A.·Mancuso, J. E.·Isaev, K.·Hicks, N. D.·Liu, J.·Harris, R.·Cockell, C. S.·Kounaves, S. P.·DeBenedictis, E. A.

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Abstract

Mars harsh yet workable surface conditions, such as manageable temperatures, availability of solar energy, and in situ resources like water ice, carbon dioxide, and mineral-rich regolith, make it a compelling target for supporting life beyond Earth. However, existing experiments testing chemical habitability in Mars conditions generally rely on leachates of physical regolith simulants, which vary in composition across simulant types, leaching conditions, and production batches. We introduce a defined Mars media (DMM) that accurately simulates the biologically relevant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) and stressors (perchlorates, heavy metals) in Martian regolith when it is leached in water at neutral pH. We formulated DMM by combining direct rover and lander measurements from Mars with laboratory measurements of regolith simulant leachates. We validate DMM from a 1x to 20x concentrate, equivalent to 40 g/L to 800 g/L of leached regolith. Using DMM with acetate as a Mars atmosphere-derived carbon source, we grew eight bacteria, demonstrating that organisms can source all essential nutrients from Martian resources. We also demonstrate that microbial growth in DMM is robust to uncertainties in Martian regolith composition: sensitivity experiments can identify limiting trace element nutrients and toxins in DMM, and show that bacterial growth is maintained across at least an order of magnitude variation in their concentrations. This is the first defined Mars regolith media recipe containing both macro- and micro-nutrients, and designed specifically for biological experimentation. By shifting from variable leachate-based approaches to a defined aqueous analog, we enable controlled hypothesis testing of microbial survival, growth, and function in a Martian chemical environment. DMM will enable further research on astrobiology, biological in situ resource utilization, large-scale soil remediation, and terraforming. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/719001v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (27K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@37408forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16fabfforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@84fa43org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4a7c5e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

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Greene, H., Nattermann, U., Stork, D. A., Martin, F. R., Schubert, M. G., Pedersen, T., Sukarto, E., Spens, A., Mancuso, J. E., Isaev, K., Hicks, N. D., Liu, J., Harris, R., Cockell, C. S., Kounaves, S. P., DeBenedictis, E. A.. 2026-04-25. Defined Mars Media (DMM), a chemically defined simulant of the soluble macro- and micro- nutrients in Mars regolith for use in biological research. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.24.719001

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