PITX2C Deficiency Promotes Arrhythmogenic Remodeling via Oxidative Stress in Atrial Myocytes

Abstract

AimsGenome-wide association studies have identified numerous cardiac transcription factors in association with atrial fibrillation. Amongst these transcription factors, the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2) is the strongest genetic risk variant associated with atrial fibrillation. However, the downstream mechanisms of PITX2 are not completely understood. Here, we explore the role of PITX2 in oxidative metabolism and stress as a unifying mechanism of arrhythmogenesis. Methods and resultsTo identify PITX2 mechanisms, we performed transcriptomic analysis in Pitx2c-deficient neonatal rat atrial myocytes. We identify oxidative phosphorylation as the top dysregulated pathway and direct transcriptional targets lie in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and IV. Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer, we identified a functional decrease in oxidative metabolism in Pitx2c-deficient cardiomyocytes. As electron transport chain complexes I and IV may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under mitochondrial dysfunction, we quantified mitochondrial specific ROS using MitoSOX and observed an increase in mitochondrial specific ROS in Pitx2c-deficient cardiomyocytes. We additionally assessed spontaneous cardiomyocyte calcium cycling using Fluo-8AM and observed an increased frequency of pro-arrhythmogenic mechanisms including early and delayed afterdepolarizations as inferred through calcium traces. Further, we identified sarcomere disassembly including a potential role of PITX2 in regulating Titin, where Pitx2c-deficient cardiomyocytes display Titin mis-localization within the sarcomeres. To assess whether ROS drives these phenotypes, we treated neonatal rat atrial myocytes with N-acetylcysteine, a potent ROS scavenger, and observed decreased early and delayed afterdepolarizations, as well as restoration of Titin localization. ConclusionPITX2C maintains atrial metabolism and redox balance; the loss of PITX2C results in reduced oxidative metabolism and an elevation in oxidative stress that ramifies cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Treatment with antioxidant restores AF-associated phenotypes including abnormal calcium cycling and sarcomere disassembly in Pitx2c-deficient atrial cardiomyocytes. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVEGenetic variants close to the PITX2 gene associate most strongly with atrial fibrillation. This study reveals a mechanistic link between multiple AF-associated phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species downstream of PITX2. Importantly, metabolic therapies and reducing oxidative stress may present a potential clinical strategy to reverse and prevent functional and structural remodelling related to AF.