The role of edible habitat complexity in food webs

Abstract

Habitat complexity (HC) in part determines the diversity, stability, and behavior of food webs and can influence predation according to a wide variety of functional relationships. Many aquatic species provide habitat complexity and are also consumed by other species (e.g., macrophytes, corals, mussels). However, food web theory does not readily account for these species that act as edible habitat complexity (EHC). Here, we combine existing theory on predator-prey interactions, HC, and prey switching to describe the role of EHC in benthic food web models. We dissect feedback loops in each model to demonstrate how self-regulation of the prey species, mediated by species densities and HC, drives that food webs behavior. HC can stabilize predator-prey interactions by coupling prey self-regulation with HC self-regulation. EHC can further stabilize predator-prey interactions across a wide variety of "HC functions" that relate HC to predation rates. Significance StatementHabitat complexity (HC) plays a critical role in trophic interactions, population dynamics, and food web stability. However, little theory exists to describe edible habitat complexity (EHC), where a species is both consumed and confers habitat complexity for other species. We provide a series of models demonstrating how HC and EHC alter the population dynamics and stability of simple aquatic food webs. HC is strongly stabilizing in food webs by providing safety in rarity for prey. EHC provides safety in rarity for both prey and the EHC species because their predators are omnivorous. Given the prevalence of EHC species in aquatic systems (e.g., macrophytes, corals, mussels), our models demonstrate the importance of maintaining EHC species in aquatic systems for stable food webs.