bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.01.30.702765

ATP11A and ATP11C are plasma membrane phosphatidylserine flippases in in vitro human megakaryocytes.

Baxter, R.·Crosby, A.·Foster, H. R.·Lau, W.·Waller, A. K.·Ghevaert, C.·Harper, M. T.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Thrombotic diseases are the major worldwide cause of cardiovascular death. Platelets prevent blood loss following injury (haemostasis), but inappropriate and excessive platelet activation can lead to thrombosis. Platelet activation must be tightly controlled. Pro-coagulant platelets expose phosphatidylserine (PS), enabling coagulation complex assembly, enhancing thrombin generation and thrombosis. PS is normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by flippase (aminophospholipid translocase) activity. However, the flippase protein(s) responsible for this crucial activity in platelets remains unidentified. The P4 ATPases ATP11A and ATP11C, regulated by their obligatory partner CDC50A, flip PS at the plasma membrane in a range of different cell types. To investigate platelet flippases, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were forward-programmed into CD41+/CD42+ megakaryocytes, the platelet precursor. Wildtype (WT) forward-programmed megakaryocytes showed similar flippase activity to human platelets with internalisation of NBD-PS that could be inhibited by high cytosolic Ca2+ or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). We then generated CDC50A, ATP11A or ATP11C single knockout and ATP11A/11C double knockout (DKO) hiPSCs using CRISPR-Cas9. CDC50A-KO, ATP11A-KO, ATP11C-KO and DKO hiPSC clones successfully formed CD41a+/CD42a+ mature megakaryocytes. CDC50A-KO megakaryocytes bound Annexin V when unstimulated and had no remaining NEM-sensitive flippase activity indicating the involvement of a P4-ATPase. Although ATP11A-KO and ATP11C-KO megakaryocytes had similar flippase activity to WT clones, DKO clones had inhibited NBD-PS internalisation compared to WT and had no remaining NEM-sensitive flippase activity. This indicates that the CDC50A-regulated P4-ATPases ATP11A and ATP11C act together at the megakaryocyte plasma membrane and are responsible for PS flippase activity and therefore likely responsible in human platelets.

Explore related subjects

cell biologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Baxter, R., Crosby, A., Foster, H. R., Lau, W., Waller, A. K., Ghevaert, C., Harper, M. T.. 2026-02-02. ATP11A and ATP11C are plasma membrane phosphatidylserine flippases in in vitro human megakaryocytes.. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.30.702765

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Differential requirement for the Ire1 luminal domain in Candida albicans drug susceptibility and pathogenicity

The opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans depends on the unfolded protein response (UPR) for cell wall integrity, antifungal tolerance, filamentous growth, and virulence. The UPR is driven by the conserved transmembrane sensor Ire1, which is activated either by misfolded proteins through its luminal domain or by lipid bilayer stress (LBS) through its transmembrane domain. In budding yeast, these two activation modes deploy divergent transcriptional programs. Whether the requirement for these two input domains is separable in C. albicans, where the cell membrane and cell wall are themselves the targets of major antifungal drug classes, remains unknown. Here, we engineered a C. albicans strain expressing Ire1 lacking an intact luminal domain (ire1{Delta}LD), which no longer detects proteotoxic stress. The ire1{Delta}LD strain grew in the presence of the azole antifungals fluconazole and miconazole but was highly sensitive to heat shock, cell wall stress, and the echinocandin caspofungin. It was also unable to sustain filamentous growth and showed reduced virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. RNA sequencing revealed only modest changes to the steady-state transcriptome of ire1{Delta}LD cells. Together, these findings define a differential requirement for the input domains of C. albicans Ire1, uncoupling growth under azole-induced membrane stress from the cell wall, thermal, and virulence-associated outputs that depend on proteotoxic sensing, a distinction that could inform antifungal strategies targeting the UPR.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Nucleosome Core Allostery Governs Chromatin Recognition and Cell Fate

Nucleosomes regulate chromatin folding, accessibility, and factor recruitment. Current models primarily attribute these functions to histone tail modifications, while the core is largely viewed as a structural scaffold. Yet subtle changes within the nucleosome core can produce profound functional consequences, and the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Here, we describe nucleosome core allostery as a fundamental principle of chromatin regulation that amplifies the impact of minimal nucleosome variations. Leveraging natural differences between H2A.Z variants, we show that the nucleosome core encodes distinct conformational dynamics that propagate allosterically, thereby controlling nucleosome accessibility and recognition by chromatin factors. As a result, a single buried amino acid substitution alone is sufficient to reprogram nucleosome dynamics and bias cell identity. Our findings establish the nucleosome core as an allosteric regulatory module and provide a generalizable framework for how subtle variation within nucleosomes is amplified into diverse biological outcomes in development and disease.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2026

A Novel Open-Source CellProfiler Pipeline for Automated, User-Friendly Hierarchical and K-Means Clustering of Microglial Morphology

Microglia represent a highly dynamic and heterogeneous cell type that is critically implicated in states of health and pathology. Microglial morphological subgroups have been identified that correspond to functional characteristics determining health-related outcomes. The identification of states based on morphological characteristics will therefore provide invaluable insights into the microglia-specific functional mechanisms driving treatment effects. The application of clustering analyses enables the detection of groupings within samples reflecting differences in morphological features. Here we propose the application of three custom-created modules to be used within the open-source software CellProfiler. These modules enable the automated detection of clusters present within the sample of microglia, as well as the assessment of the abundance of these clusters across conditions. The application of the analysis is conducted in a highly user-friendly manner, with a user interface integrated into the pipeline, enabling the performance of the analysis with only minimal user input. The workflow thereby includes the conduction of an outlier assessment, followed by hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering and the generation of interactive graphs to determine the number of microglia states present in the sample. Bar plots displaying the abundance of the microglia states across conditions included in the sample will be created. This approach will facilitate faster and more comparable detection of microglial morphological clusters across studies.

cell biology↗