A reproducible human brain tissue model to study physiological and disease-associated microglia phenotypes

Klimmt, J.; Goncalves, C. C.; Montgomery, J. V.; Mueller, S. A.; Bublitz, M.; Filser, S.; Paeger, L.; Nuscher, B.; Dannert, A.; Roeber, S.; Pravata, M. V. A.; Schifferer, M.; Shrouder, J. J.; Schulz, N.; Gallego, J. G.; Cappello, S.; Misgeld, T.; Plesnila, N.; Beltran, E.; Herms, J.; De Domenico, E.; Beyer, M. D.; Schultze, J. L.; Haass, C. L.; Lichtenthaler, S. F.; Carraro, C.; Paquet, D.

doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.699077

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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2026.01.20.699077

A reproducible human brain tissue model to study physiological and disease-associated microglia phenotypes

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Abstract

Stem-cell-based in vitro models offer promising potential to elucidate human brain cell functions and interactions under physiological and pathological conditions. However, harnessing this potential is impaired by low reproducibility, maturity, or cell-type diversity of existing models. Especially, prolonged incorporation of mature microglia and studies of neuroinflammation have proven challenging. Here, we developed a 3D cortical brain tissue model (3BTM) containing neurons, astrocytes, and microglia with high reproducibility, maturity, and viability. 3BTMs show morphological, functional, and proteomic maturation of all cell types, leading to high similarity to their in vivo counterparts. Incorporated microglia survive for over 6 months and display mature morphology, functions, and gene expression. Importantly, when engineered to model Alzheimers disease pathology, 3BTMs recapitulate key disease hallmarks including amyloid deposition, increased phospho-Tau levels, and neuroinflammation, with microglia shifting their transcriptional landscape to disease-relevant signatures. Together, our model offers unprecedented possibilities for studying physiological and pathological states of human brain tissue and translational applications.

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Klimmt, J., Goncalves, C. C., Montgomery, J. V., Mueller, S. A., Bublitz, M., Filser, S., Paeger, L., Nuscher, B., Dannert, A., Roeber, S., Pravata, M. V. A., Schifferer, M., Shrouder, J. J., Schulz, N., Gallego, J. G., Cappello, S., Misgeld, T., Plesnila, N., Beltran, E., Herms, J., De Domenico, E., Beyer, M. D., Schultze, J. L., Haass, C. L., Lichtenthaler, S. F., Carraro, C., Paquet, D.. 2026-01-21. A reproducible human brain tissue model to study physiological and disease-associated microglia phenotypes. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.20.699077

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