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bioRxiv · 10.64898/2025.12.16.694477

Exploring local and regional drivers of microbial biodiversity across freshwater ponds

Hardison, E. A.·Goyco-Blas, J.·leith, N.·Wantman, T. M.·Zegar, J.·Chatfield, M. W. H.·Ohmer, M.·Kohl, K. D.
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Abstract

AimPonds are isolated, highly variable environments that exhibit low spatial autocorrelation of environmental variables and have island-like features, which may give rise to unique biogeographic patterns compared to terrestrial and lotic environments. Here, we evaluate whether commonly observed biogeographical patterns apply to microbial biodiversity in pond fungal and bacterial communities. Specifically, we tested (1) whether these communities follow latitudinal diversity gradients and distance decay relationships, and (2) if variation in community composition or richness was related to specific environmental or land-use factors. LocationEastern, USA Time periodSummer, 2022 TaxaBacteria and Fungi MethodsWe collected water and muck from 39 ponds across 8 states in the Eastern USA. We extracted DNA from these samples and sequenced sections of the 16S rRNA and ITS1 genes to survey the bacterial and fungal communities, before evaluating biogeographical patterns. ResultsWe found evidence of latitudinal diversity gradients in muck fungal communities, but not bacterial communities. We observed weak distance decay relationships in all sample types. Community richness was related to some environmental filters, where conductivity was positively related to water bacterial richness, but negatively related to muck fungal richness. Environmental drivers explained low to moderate variation in microbial composition, with temperature universally linked to microbial biodiversity. ConclusionsPond microbiomes exhibit unique biogeographic patterns depending on the microhabitat and microbial taxa in question, with land use and abiotic conditions, especially temperature, explaining some variation in microbial biodiversity across sites. Our findings suggest that the low spatial autocorrelation in environmental conditions and the lack of connectivity across ponds provides a useful framework for investigating localized drivers of microbial diversity.

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Hardison, E. A., Goyco-Blas, J., leith, N., Wantman, T. M., Zegar, J., Chatfield, M. W. H., Ohmer, M., Kohl, K. D.. 2025-12-18. Exploring local and regional drivers of microbial biodiversity across freshwater ponds. https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.16.694477

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