Functional randomness despite high taxonomic turnover across an elevational gradient in a global biodiversity hotspot: A case study of hawkmoths and birds

Abstract

AimWe examined the patterns and processes of taxonomic and functional dissimilarities for two disparate organismal groups (ectothermic hawkmoths and endothermic birds) across a broad tropical elevational gradient. LocationEaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary (northeast India), eastern Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot. Taxon4,731 hawkmoths; 15,387 birds MethodsTurnover and nestedness components for taxonomic and functional dissimilarities were obtained using the methods developed by Baselga (2013) and Leprieur et al., 2012. We used Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM) with geographic distance, contemporary and historic climatic variables to assess the relative importance of dispersal and environmental processes in determining the beta diversity. Functional redundancy (FRed) was calculated for both organismal groups using the Simpsons diversity indices. Null modeling was used to determine randomness in species and trait distributions. ResultsTurnover dominated taxonomic and functional dissimilarities, however the contribution of nestedness was considerably higher to the latter. Overall, the rate of dissimilarity with distance, for both facets of diversity, was significantly higher for birds, with stronger contributions of geographic distance and historic climate; whereas the hawkmoth dissimilarities were strongly correlated with only contemporary climate. Taxonomic dissimilarities deviated significantly from null, whereas functional dissimilarities exhibited high redundancy and randomness. Main ConclusionsOverall, our results suggest that while the drivers of beta-diversity exhibit idiosyncrasy and taxon-specificity; for a given taxa, they are consistent across the two facets of dissimilarity. More importantly, regardless of the principal predictor, the net result was that of high taxonomic turnover, which is de-coupled to a high degree from functional turnover in these tropical ecosystems. The large redundancy in trait values, despite high species turnover, indicates functional resilience of these tropical communities. The consistency of this pattern, across two disparate organismal groups, is suggestive of a key mechanism in which tropical communities may retain functionality of ecosystems in a changing environment.