bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/834135

SPOCK1 promotes breast cancer progression via interacting with SIX1 and activating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Xu, M.·Zhang, X. l.·Zhang, S. n.·Piao, J. j.·Yang, Y.·Wang, X. y.·Lin, Z. h.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

SPOCK1 is highly expressed in many types of cancer, which has been recognized as a promoter of cancer progression, while its regulatory mechanism remains to be clear in breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to explore the precise function of SPOCK1 in BC progression and the mechanism by which SPOCK1 was involved in cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and database analysis displayed that high expression of SPOCK1 was positively associated with histological grade, lymph node metastasis (LN) and poor clinical prognosis in BC. A series of assays both in vitro and in vivo elucidated that altering SPOCK1 level led to distinctly changes in BC cell proliferation and metastasis. Investigations of potential mechanisms revealed that SPOCK1 interacted with SIX1 could enhance cell proliferation, cell cycle and EMT process by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway, whereas inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway or depletion of SIX1 reversed the effects of SPOCK1 overexpression. Furthermore, SPOCK1 and SIX1 were highly expressed in BC and might indicate poor prognoses. Altogether, SPOCK1/SIX1 promoted BC progression by activating AKT/mTOR pathway to accelerate cell proliferation and metastasis in BC, and SPOCK1/SIX1 might be promising clinical therapeutic targets to prevent BC progression. IMPORTANCEThe incidence of BC is alarmingly high and many patients initially diagnosed without detectable metastases will eventually develop metastatic lesions. The occurrence of metastasis is responsible for the death of many patients, which also represents a big challenge for researchers to improve the survival rates of BC patients. Hence the scientific community pays more attention on cancer targeted therapy. This research is significant for identifying the underlying mechanisms and capabilities of SPOCK1-induced BC activities, which will greatly apply novel targets and new treatment strategies for clinicians, leading to broader biomedical impacts.

Explore related subjects

cancer biologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Xu, M., Zhang, X. l., Zhang, S. n., Piao, J. j., Yang, Y., Wang, X. y., Lin, Z. h.. 2019-11-08. SPOCK1 promotes breast cancer progression via interacting with SIX1 and activating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. https://doi.org/10.1101/834135

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Ex vivo human tumor slices more accurately predict patient responses to an oncolytic virus than in vivo mouse models

Immunotherapies, including oncolytic viruses (OV), are promising therapies that can enhance anti-tumor immune responses. However, preclinical success of immunotherapies in mouse models has not always translated to clinical benefit in cancer patients. This study compared preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action for ASP9801, a vaccinia virus expressing IL-7 and IL-12, using mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC) in vivo and in human organotypic tumor slice models ex vivo. The murine surrogate for ASP9801 significantly reduced tumor volumes in treated and abscopal tumors in two different CRC models in vivo (MC38 and RO100). Treatment efficacy was accentuated when combined with anti-PD1 treatment, and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed depletion of tumor cells and increased T cell infiltration and activation in both treated and abscopal tumors. However, human tissue analysis ex vivo (E-slices) using PDX models and patient samples showed that ASP9801 is not effective in CRC, consistent with clinical trial results. On the other hand, ASP9801 was highly effective in GBM, indicating indication-specific efficacy of ASP9801, and how E-slice assays can be used to identify treatment-sensitive indications. This study demonstrates the superiority of E-slices over mouse models for predicting clinical response and its utility in planning clinical trials.

cancer biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Immune-cell depleted diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have reduced expression of MHC class I

Immunotherapy has transformed treatment for many cancers. In the aggressive and genetically heterogeneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is highly effective, whereas immune checkpoint blockade has shown limited benefit. Loss of MHC expression is a common mechanism to escape T-cell cytotoxicity, and loss of MHC class I (MHC-I) and II are frequent in DLBCL. We applied imaging mass cytometry to diagnostic biopsies from younger, high-risk DLBCL patients to map the tumor microenvironment (TME) spatial architecture in relation to tumor cell MHC expression, mutational status, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. Neighborhood analyses identified four TME subtypes: immune-cell depleted and three immune-infiltrated types (mixed, CD4 T cell-rich, CD8 T-cell/macrophage-rich). Depleted cases had shorter overall survival (p = 0.033) and increased expression of proteins involved in DNA replication and proliferation markers compared to infiltrated cases. Tumor cell MHC-I expression was heterogeneous. Cases with low frequency of MHC-I-pos tumor cells were enriched for the depleted TME type. MHC-I-pos tumor cells were surrounded by CD4 and CD8 T cells and M1 macrophages, whereas MHC-I-neg tumor cells were closer to other MHC-I-neg tumor cells. These findings suggest that TME-based classification incorporating tumor cell MHC-I status may improve individualized immunotherapy selection.

cancer biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Cross-species analysis links cell-cell communication rewiring to NOTCH2 during serous endometrial carcinogenesis

Cell-cell interactions shape the fate of mutant cells during cancer initiation but how these interactions evolve during progression to pathologically recognizable lesions remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated cell-cell communication during serous endometrial carcinoma (SEC; also known as uterine serous carcinoma) development using a lineage-traceable mouse model and cross-species analyses of the mouse and human neoplastic endometrium. In mice, the early, pre-dysplastic stage was marked by a global decrease in inferred cell-cell interactions, followed by extensive communication network rewiring during neoplastic progression. Pathway-specific analysis revealed a similar pattern for NOTCH signaling, with NOTCH2 emerging as the dominant NOTCH receptor in Trp53/Rb1-mutant immature epithelial cells. Functionally, NOTCH2 promoted the outgrowth of more proliferative mutant organoids. Cross-species transcriptomic analysis identified conserved immature epithelial states in mouse and human neoplastic endometrial epithelium. In human tissues, NOTCH2 was overexpressed in serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma, a precursor of SEC, and in overt SEC. Furthermore, elevated NOTCH2 expression was associated with poor patient survival. These findings link cell-cell communication rewiring during experimental SEC development to conserved neoplastic epithelial states and identify NOTCH2 as an early marker and a potential target of disease interception.

cancer biology↗